The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. Daidzein, genistein and glycitein occur naturally in the aglycone form, and thus their absorption is faster than that of others. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. However, more studies are required to provide stronger evidence. Produced metabolites appear in plasma at variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [28]. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. Sulfation of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in human and rat liver and gastrointestinal tract. Ronis M.J., Little J.M., Barone G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. In the meta-analysis reported by Chen et al. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. Lastly, Zhang et al. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. . aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. Nevertheless, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, as there are discrepancies among the studies included in the systematic reviews and in the meta-analyses, probably related to their experimental designs. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Valsta L.M., Kilkkinen A., Mazur W., Nurmi T., Lampi A.M., Ovaskainen M.L., Korhonen T., Adlercreutz H., Pietinen P. Phyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland. Modified from Mace et al. Zhong et al. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Ko K.P., Kim C.S., Ahn Y., Park S.J., Kim Y.J., Park J.K., Lim Y.K., Yoo K.Y., Kim S.S. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. Equol is produced from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). . Accessibility (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Furthermore, the dose-response analysis revealed an 8% reduction in colorectal neoplasm risk for every 20 mg/day increase in isoflavone intake in Asian populations, and for every 0.1 mg/day increase in Western populations. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. (2020) carried out their meta-analysis of 63 controlled trials, including 6427 postmenopausal women and concluded that isoflavones improve bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the distal radius in menopausal women [50]. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. In some Asian countries, isoflavone intake, usually derived from soy consumption, can be associated with a lower prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007, Basque Government under Grant PA20/04 and the University of the Basque Country under Grant GIU18-173. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Is equol production beneficial to health? 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; [email protected] (S.G.-Z. In a study reported by Ko et al., the authors quantified the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein and equol in Korean men and women [36]. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. and J.T. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, which are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against infection, water stress, cold stress, ultraviolet radiation and high visible light, among others [1,2]. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with 21 case-control studies and two cohort studies, with a total number of 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls [77]. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. (2016) also studied whether there was an association between different types of interventions and the reduction in hot flushes and night sweats [90]. The work reported by Lambert et al. Man B., Cui C., Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa A. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. Estradiol, which has proven efficacy on hot flushes, needs 3.09 weeks to achieve half of its peak activity, while isoflavones require 13.4 weeks, suggesting that 12 weeks of treatment is not enough for soy isoflavones to exert a beneficial effect. Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. (2016) analyzed the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in pre- and post-menopausal women, which is a biomarker for the proliferative effects of estrogens associated with an increased endometrial risk [72]. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. Association between Dietary Isoflavones in Soy and Legumes and Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. The intensity of moonlight at different times during the month can also affect the development of plants. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. Magee P.J. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. Kim Y., Je Y. Flavonoid intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. Collison M.W. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Rienks et al. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. Moreover, an increase in thyroid hormone levels after isoflavone intake by food supplements has not been observed, and no side effects were confirmed with regard to the endometrial thickness or histopathological changes in the uterus. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. Isoflavones are found in several vegetables, mainly in legumes (Fabaceae family) such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans [9,10]. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. 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In plasma at variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [ 28 ] compare the effects of animal and proteins. 123 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a total of 16 studies were included in their with...
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