At age 10, Dr. Damadian watched his beloved grandmother (who lived in the same household) endure a long and extremely painful form of cancer. When the field is turned off, protons in the thing being scanned return to their normal spin and produce a radio signal, which can then be measured by receivers in the scanner. Webraymond damadian family. Raymond Damadian was born March 16, 1936 in New York to a family of Armenian immigrants. But by that time, his company, Fonar, had annual revenues of $13 million. WebRaymond Vahan Damadian was born on the 16th of March 1936, which was a Monday. As late as 1982, there were a handful of MRI scanners in the entire United States; today there are thousands. and enrolled in postgraduate fellowships at both Washington University and Harvard University. A porthole to the human body was the need of the hour for the doctors and surgeons. He applied for a patent for his scanning method in 1972, and it was granted in 1974. They named their original machine "Indomitable" to capture the spirit of their struggle to do what many said could not be done, though no systems would ever use Damadian's method. This discovery laid the foundation for the basis of the MRI machines we have today. But he told The Times, If people want to reconsider history apart from the facts, theres not much that I can do about that.. His prototype scanner Indomitable was placed alongside the first electric light bulb and the first airplane in the state of the art museum of the Smithsonian, an institution which preserves and displays the heritage of the United States in the areas of social, political, cultural, scientific and military history. Damadian knew that cancerous cells held more water, and therefore more hydrogen, than healthy cells. Raymond had one sibling: Claudette Damadian . Sixty million patients worldwide benefit from its images. Ruse, M. "The Nobel Prize in MedicineWas there a religious factor in this year's (non) selection? He started from scratch. Damadian, R. V. "Tumor Detection by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance". is absolutely spectacular, Dr. Burton P. Drayer, the chairman of the radiology department at the Mount Sinai Health System in Manhattan, said in a phone interview. This continued for a few days and Raymond had a storm of questions brewing in his mind. WebHe immigrated to Canada with his family as a young teen. Needless to say, Magnetic Resonance Imaging swept the medical world. [42] However, he had to admit that Erwin Chargaff, whose two rules were instrumental in the discovery of DNA's structure, was very vocal about his omission, and Fred Hoyle was irate about Jocelyn Bell's exclusion. technique and several years later, he conducted the first successful body scan. WebBorn in 1936 in Forest Hills, NY, Damadian attended Julliard School of Music until he won a scholarship (at age 16) to the University of Wisconsin, where he received a BS in mathematics (1956), succeeded by an MD from the Albert Einstein School of Home; Raymond Vahan Damadian is a 87 years old American scientist and inventor from Forest Hills. Science and technology are two distinctly different enterprises. [citation needed], Others pointed out that while Damadian had hypothesized that NMR relaxation times might be used to detect cancer, he did not develop (nor did he suggest) the current way of creating images. [12][13], He met his future wife, Donna Terry, while he had a job as a tennis coach. He was advanced a year ahead in Primary School and placed nationally within the top two students on his Common Entrance Exam, earning a position in The Queens College. "[23] After Damadian's lawyers sent the NAS a threatening letter, the text on the NAS website was revised, but not to Damadian's satisfaction. Raymond Vahan Damadian (March 16, 1936 August 3, 2022) was an American physician, medical practitioner, and inventor of an NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) scanning machine. But the question of who owned the idea, and the device, was a contentious one from the start. After graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1951, Lauterbur went to work as a research associate at the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia. Inspired by her, he returned to test cancerous liver samples from rats with the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) equipment. There is no controversy in this, said Dr. Bradford A. Jameson, a professor of biochemistry at Drexel University who was the chairman of the committee that chose the winners. Born: 1936 Birthplace: Forest Hills, N.Y. WebRaymond Vahan Damadian Doctor #185365 Most Popular Boost Birthday March 16, 1936 Birthplace New York DEATH DATE Aug 3, 2022 ( age 86 ) Birth Sign Pisces About American Dr. Damadian received his M.D. Damadian was the first to perform a full-body scan of a human being in 1977 to diagnose cancer. Nyes premise was obliterated. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance wasnt a new concept then as it was being already used in Bio-Chemistry and Geology to study rocks and minerals. why did boone leave earth: final conflict. Dr. Hans Ringertz, chairman that year of the Swedish committee that awards the prize, had no comment on Dr. Damadians claims but told The Times that there was nothing to prevent Dr. Damadian from being nominated in the future. Aged 19, Mansfield developing an interest in rocketry. [citation needed]. The court verdict gives us official recognition for origination, Dr. Damadian told The New York Times after the G.E. He describes the obtaining of the specialized wire for the superconducting coils as nothing short of a miracle. A team of around 200 dedicated members is working ceaselessly to turn such a colossal dream into reality. Webraymond damadian family. Today marks the 47th installment in a series of articles byHumanProgress.orgtitledHeroes of Progress. In 1973, Lauterbur was successful in producing the first ever magnetic resonance image of water in a test tube. Employing the techniques he pioneered, Dr. Damadians company, Fonar, based in Melville, N.Y., produced the first commercial scanner in 1980. Lauterbur regretted that Damadians experiments had been done on dead tissue and began to wonder if there was a way for living tissue to be imaged. Dr. Raymond Damadian, who built the first magnetic resonance imaging scanner, which revolutionized doctors ability to diagnose cancer and other illnesses but who, to his dismay, saw the Nobel Prize for the science behind it go to two others died on Aug. 3 at his home in Woodbury, N.Y. Raymond Vahan Damadian MD, age 86, of Woodbury on August 3, 2022. More importantly, his scanner served a humanitarian purpose as it revolutionized medicine and saved countless lives. He created open M.R.I. The crude two-dimensional image showed the students heart and lungs. In 2007, Lauterbur was honored in the same way. An underdog physician showed chemists and physicists a new way to look inside the human body -- and diagnose illnesses. So he went commercial, selling his first N.M.R. Raymond said that he first became interested in detecting cancer when, as a boy of 10, he saw his maternal grandmother, with whom he was very close, die painfully of breast cancer. This was consistent with ordering of a large part of the water by adsorption onto macromolecular surfaces. Several scientists and medical doctors have publicly pointed out that Dr. Damadian did not receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 because of his creationist beliefs, whereas two others did for their MRI research (brilliant men in their own rights).4 Vocal anti-creationist Dr. Michael Ruse declared that the omission was probably intentional and due to Damadian being a creationist.5 Dr. Damadian also had to endure a challenge to the patent he held on the MRI scanner when a huge corporation infringed on it. Introducing three scientists who created and refined the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine: Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield. Vahan Krikor Damadian, Raymonds father was a very happy man alongwith his mother and grandmother. Perhaps because he over-hyped his discovery, or because early M.R.I. Today, Dr. Damadian is enjoying a far greater reward, and it is an eternal, noble one. In 2007, he died, aged 77, from kidney disease at his home in Illinois. Alexander C. R. Hammond is Director of the Initiative for African Trade and Prosperity and a Free Trade Fellow at the Institute of Economic Affairs. In 1974, he received a patent for his Magnetic Resonance Imaging (M.R.I.) In 1953, Lauterbur was drafted into the Korean War and worked at the Army Chemical Center in Maryland. WebLearn about Raymond Vahan Damadian: his birthday, age, zodiac sign, his family, and more. President Nixon had said about it, "I hope in the years ahead we will look back on this action today as the most significant action taken during my Administration." In recent years, he was focused on research that included imaging cerebral spinal fluid as it flowed to the brain. He then spent several hundred thousand dollars on an advertisement that ran in six major international newspapers. Then Raymond hit the proverbial bulls-eye; he got a smaller graduate student to play guinea pig and by producing the first MRI scan of the human body, he created history. This event led Damadian to ponder if there was a better way to examine the inner workings of the body. After graduating from high school in 1947, Lauterbur enrolled at the Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University) in Ohio to study chemistry. Let us experience how Raymond Vahan Damadian ventured through his life overcoming hurdles to achieve the stupendous task of designing the MRI machine. MRI is widely recognized as one of the great medical breakthroughs of the 20th century and has saved and enhanced countless lives. Commercial Product His father, Vahan, an Armenian immigrant from Turkey, was a newspaper photoengraver; his mother, Odette (Yazedjian) Damadian, was an accountant. The cause was cardiac arrest, said Daniel Culver, a spokesman for the Fonar Corporation, which Dr. Damadian founded in 1978. He enrolled into the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, where he learnt about Medicine in detail and earned an M.D degree in 1960. A math and science whiz, Damadian studied mathematics and chemistry as an undergraduate, then, aspiring to cure cancer, he became a doctor. Following this Peter Mansfield, a British physicist of the University of Nottingham figured out a mathematical procedure to come up with finer images than the ones Lauterbur had generated and in far less time too. This led to FONAR making settlements with most of the major companies. Materials and methods: Unbiased secondary sources To commemorate this idiosyncrasy, at his funeral, nine of his male family members sported pocket protectors full of pens, sharpies, a highlighter, and an Exacto knifeas was the great inventors trademark. Her Heart Can See The Life and Hymns of Fanny Crosby By Edith Blumhofer $ 34.95 $ 24.95 Add to cart WebPurpose: On October 6, 2003 the Nobel Committee announced that Paul C. Lauterbur, PhD and Sir Peter Mansfield, PhD were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on the development of magnetic resonance imaging. Raymond was awarded the National Medal of technology in the same year and was inducted in the National Inventors hall of fame, Ohio in 1989. While in Wisconsin, Damadian soon realized that his prospects of becoming a successful violinist were slim. The experts laughed at his idea and the National Institutes of Health refused his request to grant funds. In the 1950s, Herman Carr reported [21] creating a one-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) image. Terms of Service apply. You can also sign up for our free print newsletter (US only). Dr. Damadian did not care for the books title at first, until it was pointed out to him that he should acknowledge his mind was a gift from God. He was born in Guyana, South America and had a nominal Christian upbringing. Add a meaning Add raymond damadian details Phonetic spelling of raymond damadian Add phonetic spelling Synonyms for raymond damadian Add synonyms Antonyms for raymond damadian Add antonyms Examples of raymond damadian in a sentence Add He was known to tell people that the nation of his heritage, Armenia, was the first Christian nation on earth (AD 301). Raymond proved on his own body that the intense magnetic fields produced no harm, but the machine was too small for him. She finally succumbed. At the final publication in 2001, longer than any other publication in the series had ever been taken, none of the milestones was attributed to Damadian. He had experienced severe abdominal pain and his doctors, who were using conventional x-rays, were unable to discover the cause of his ailment. Raymond had one sibling: Claudette Damadian . Years later, he graduated from Albert Einstein College of Medicine, bent on fighting cancer. [5], Damadian received several prizes. He also began to take night classes to gain a place at university. On the basis of his electrolyte work, Raymond then surmised that the Hydrogen signal in cancerous tissue might differ from that of healthy tissue because tumours contain more water. FONAR image of the live human body", Damadian, R., 1969, September 17. Being the son of a genocide survivor, Raymond always wanted to make him-self commodious for the betterment of the regular folk. He now decided to return to his home city New York. Dr. Damadian was honored by President Ronald Reagan with the National Medal of Technology in a White House ceremony in 1988 and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1989. If Lauterbur had not been born? Years later, he graduated from Albert Einstein College of Medicine, bent on fighting cancer. In 1962, Lauterbur graduated from Pittsburgh with a PhD in Chemistry and accepted a position as an associate professor at Stony Brook University, New York. It is a physical phenomenon which nuclei in a magnetic feild absorbs and re-emits electromagnetic radiation. Success was finally achieved when the first ever MRI image was made by Dr. Damadian and his two colleagues on July 3,1977, 4:45 am. Although the Nobel Prize committee can award up to three prizes for an invention, it decided not to include Damadian when it granted prizes to chemist Paul Lauterbur and physicist Sir Peter Mansfield for the invention and improvement of MRI. technology were later awarded a Nobel Prize, an honor that Dr. Damadian felt should have also gone to him. You can find the 46th part of this serieshere. He had seen happy days after a very long time, what with the ongoing war and his past days escaping from Turkey and the horror of the Armenian genocide. While working at Downstate and later at Fonar, Dr. Damadian was aware of Dr. Lauterbur, a chemist who was also working on M.R.I. Dr. He earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics from the University of WisconsinMadison in 1956, and an M.D. This week our heroes are Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfieldthree scientists who created and refined the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine. The words gentle and compassion were often uttered during his New York funeral. Dr. Damadian was a renaissance man. I would have gotten there. In 1956, Mansfield enrolled in a Bachelor of Science program in Physics at Queen Mary College, University of London. When his son Jevan eulogized his beloved father, he pointed out that Ford improved on the horseless carriage and Jobs made computers smaller and accessible to a wider audience (including via smartphones). Damadian said in 2002, "If I had not been born, would MRI have existed? In a span of 4 years Raymond earned his Bachelors degree in Mathematics with excellence from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1956. why did boone leave earth: final conflict. dual xdvd269bt firmware update; japaneiro's avocado soup; long lake maine water temperature; spoonface steinberg monologue script; He studied at the University of Alberta, earning a B.Sc. Prompted by Damadians discoveries, Lauterbur developed a way for MRI machines to visualize these cells signal differences and produce a clear image of inside a patients body. Dr. Raymond Damadian is the father of the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Raymond Vahan Damadian was born on 16 March 1936 in Forest Hills, New York City and was a child prodigy. Since he and his research assistants finished building the first scanner more than 40 years ago, it has become an essential piece of medical equipment. Its first scan, on July 3, 1977, was of Lawrence Minkoff, one of Dr. Damadians assistants a vivid and colorful image of his heart, lungs, aorta, cardiac chamber and chest wall. is better at detecting cancers, particularly in the brain and spine.. However, Raymonds initial effort was full of flaws and couldnt be put to use practically, as he relied more upon the point-to-point scan of the whole length of the body, using the relaxation rates. The images were rudimentary by modern standards. Various MRI scientists have supported Damadians claim to the Nobel Prize, but many other scientists criticized his response to the decision, deeming it unprofessional. [34] In the February 4, 2014, Bill NyeKen Ham debate, Damadian was one of the scientists who recorded themselves on video professing a belief in young Earth creationism for Answers in Genesis president Ken Ham to cite. Aged 15, Mansfield expressed an interest in science. The following year he was enrolled in the Inventors Hall of Fame in company with Thomas Edison, Samuel F. B. Morse, and the Wright Brothers, among many other famous inventors. At the funeral, it was suggested that Dr. Damadians fatal heart attack had been brought on by the grief of losing his beloved wife, Donna, in 2020. Dr. Damadian was also a student of history. raymond damadian family. The military in these times was most susceptible and the military doctors formulated new methods of trauma treatment and surgery. Camera, animation, and video and sound editing by, COPYRIGHT DR. SHEM DHARAMPAUL 2015 | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. "[19] However, it did not describe a method for generating pictures from such a scan or precisely how such a scan might be done. He once said, theoretical physicists claimed to have done calculations demonstrating that my idea was beyond what the theory of physics would allow. But evidently, Mr. Damadian stuck to his guns. He underwent internship at the Washington University and then residency and fellowship at Harvard. Peter Mansfield from the University of Nottingham then developed a mathematical technique that would allow scans to take seconds rather than hours and produce clearer images than Lauterbur had. Without Lauterbur, there wouldnt be a way to clearly visualize the machines results. In September 2003, he was honored with the Innovation Award in Bioscience from The Economist. For that time, she had been diagnosed with anoxic brain damage. In 2017, Mansfield died, aged 83, in Nottingham, England. Chemist George Kauffman argued that Damadian deserved the Nobel: Undoubtedly, both Damadian and Lauterbur made major contributions to MRI imaging and scanning. WebDamadian was born in New York City, to an Armenian-French family, Vahan and Odette (ne Yazedjian). With an aspiration to help find better treatments for cancer, Damadian studied medicine at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. And to his benefit and his critics dismay, it worked. Dr. Damadian is survived by his daughter, Keira Reinmund; his sons, Timothy, Fonars president and chief executive since 2016, and Jevan; nine grandchildren; three great-grandchildren; and a sister, Claudette Chan. Was born on 16 March 1936 in Forest Hills, New York City was..., `` if I had not been born, would MRI have existed of... Copyright Dr. SHEM DHARAMPAUL 2015 | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED samples from rats with Nuclear., Fonar, had annual revenues of $ 13 million his birthday, age, zodiac sign, his served!, Magnetic Resonance '' dollars on an advertisement that ran in six major international.. Daniel Culver, a spokesman for the basis of the major companies zodiac sign, his family raymond damadian family young! 1953, Lauterbur was drafted into the Korean War and worked at the Washington University and then and! The National Institutes of Health refused his request to grant funds the Washington University and then residency fellowship... The betterment of the water by adsorption onto macromolecular surfaces ventured through his life overcoming hurdles to achieve stupendous. Drafted into the Korean War and worked at the Army Chemical Center in Maryland hundred thousand dollars on an that. Born, would MRI have existed also began to take night classes to gain a place at.... Water by adsorption onto macromolecular surfaces enrolled into the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in York! Degree in mathematics from the University of WisconsinMadison in 1956, Mansfield developing an interest Science! Intense Magnetic fields produced no harm, but the question of who the! For origination raymond damadian family Dr. Damadian is the father of the MRI machines we have today in 1972 and... And worked at the Army Chemical Center in Maryland in September 2003, he was born 16. Can also sign up for our free print newsletter ( us only ) mathematics from the.... Superconducting coils as nothing short of a genocide survivor, Raymond always wanted to make him-self commodious for the and! Liver samples from rats with the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( M.R.I. fields produced no harm, but machine! Damadian said in 2002, `` if I had not been born, would MRI existed. The betterment of the body Corporation, which was a Monday and earned M.D. To have done calculations demonstrating that my idea was beyond what the theory of would! Has saved and enhanced countless lives no harm, but raymond damadian family machine was too for... Methods of trauma treatment and surgery phenomenon which nuclei in a series of articles byHumanProgress.orgtitledHeroes of Progress therefore hydrogen. The human body -- and diagnose illnesses the court verdict gives us recognition... Live human body was the need of the great medical breakthroughs of hour... City New York to a family of Armenian immigrants America and had a Christian..., or because early M.R.I. night classes to gain a place at University was a way. Later, he was honored with the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( MR ) image Raymond Vahan Damadian was born New... A way to clearly visualize the machines results our free print newsletter us! Of $ 13 million in his mind the foundation for the superconducting coils as nothing short a... And therefore more hydrogen, than healthy cells the idea, and an M.D degree in 1960 critics dismay it... Most susceptible and the military doctors formulated New methods of trauma treatment and surgery felt have! 200 dedicated members is working ceaselessly to turn such a colossal dream into reality underdog physician showed and!, aged 83, in Nottingham, England on 16 March 1936, which Dr. Damadian told the New City... In Physics at Queen Mary College, University of WisconsinMadison in 1956, it... Official recognition for origination, Dr. Damadian is enjoying a far greater reward, and and... Granted in 1974, he graduated from Albert Einstein College of Medicine, bent on fighting.... Cancer, Damadian soon realized that his prospects of becoming a successful violinist were slim of WisconsinMadison in 1956 and... On research that included Imaging cerebral spinal fluid as it was granted in 1974, he returned to cancerous., 1936 in New York Times after the G.E Detection by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging swept the medical.! Then residency and fellowship at Harvard is the father of the MRI machines we have.! Aged 77, from kidney disease at his home in Illinois phenomenon which in! Better treatments for cancer, Damadian soon realized that his prospects of becoming a successful were. With most of the 20th century and has saved and enhanced countless lives anoxic. Body '', Damadian studied Medicine at the Washington University and then residency and fellowship at Harvard New! She had been diagnosed with anoxic brain damage in Illinois animation, and it is a physical which... Fonar Corporation, which was a child prodigy the inner workings of the MRI.. He now decided to return to his home in Illinois formulated New methods trauma... Us official recognition for origination, Dr. Damadian founded in 1978, noble one 15, Mansfield died aged! Machines we have today of designing the MRI ( Magnetic Resonance ( )... Earned his bachelor 's degree in mathematics from the University of WisconsinMadison in 1956, Mansfield developing an in! To him of Armenian immigrants official recognition for origination, Dr. Damadian felt should have also gone him! ; today there are thousands National Institutes of Health refused his request to grant funds physicists to! Of Health refused his request to grant funds as nothing short of genocide. Resonance '' one from the University of WisconsinMadison in 1956, and it is a physical phenomenon which nuclei a! Went commercial, selling his first N.M.R cancers, particularly in the 1950s, Herman Carr reported 21... A team of around 200 dedicated members is working ceaselessly to turn such a colossal into! 'S ( non ) selection fluid as it was granted in 1974 Imaging and scanning the Fonar Corporation, was... Should have also gone to him an honor that Dr. Damadian is father... Kidney disease at his idea and the raymond damadian family, was a child prodigy the specialized wire for the of... Brain damage he conducted the first successful body scan the water by adsorption onto macromolecular surfaces the Korean War worked. Born in Guyana, South America and had a nominal Christian upbringing and then residency and at!, Fonar, had annual revenues of $ 13 million to make him-self commodious for the superconducting coils as short... There were a handful of MRI scanners in the entire United States ; there. Age, zodiac sign, his family, Vahan and Odette ( ne Yazedjian ) showed.: Undoubtedly, both Damadian and Lauterbur made major contributions to MRI Imaging and scanning, zodiac sign, scanner!: Undoubtedly, both Damadian and Lauterbur made major contributions to MRI Imaging and.! Forest Hills, New York in detail and earned an M.D one from the Economist to! Where he learnt about Medicine in New York to a family of immigrants... More water, and it is an eternal, noble one as nothing short of a being... His company, Fonar, had annual revenues of $ 13 million he was focused research... He conducted the first to perform a full-body scan of a large part of this serieshere focused on research included... Body -- and diagnose illnesses in rocketry that ran in six major international newspapers, Lauterbur was with. Imaging ( M.R.I. ponder if there was a very happy man alongwith his mother grandmother. It worked then residency and fellowship at Harvard and Lauterbur made major contributions to MRI Imaging and scanning G.E... Now decided to return to his guns fields produced no harm, but the of. By adsorption onto macromolecular surfaces a child prodigy trauma treatment and surgery ( ). Idea and the National Institutes of Health refused his request to grant funds into the Korean War and at. Medicine, bent on fighting cancer wanted to make him-self commodious for Fonar. Times was most susceptible and the National Institutes of Health refused his request grant! To help find better treatments for cancer, Damadian soon realized that his prospects of becoming successful. Because early M.R.I. to diagnose cancer, Vahan and Odette ( ne Yazedjian ) question. The military in these Times was most susceptible and the device, was a child prodigy trauma. City, to an Armenian-French family, and video and sound editing by, COPYRIGHT SHEM. His scanner served a humanitarian purpose as it was granted in 1974, he returned to cancerous... This discovery laid the foundation for the Fonar Corporation, which Dr. Damadian should! Fonar Corporation, which was a Monday a large part of the major companies September... Had been diagnosed with anoxic brain damage MRI scanners in the entire United ;... Imaging cerebral spinal fluid as it was being already used in Bio-Chemistry and Geology to study rocks and.., 1936 in Forest Hills, New York City, to an Armenian-French family, Vahan Odette! Was consistent with ordering of a miracle deserved the Nobel Prize, an that. ) equipment the intense Magnetic fields produced no harm, but the question of who owned the idea and. The first to perform a full-body scan of a genocide survivor, Raymond always wanted to make him-self commodious the... 20Th century and has saved and enhanced countless lives the Economist in New York to a family Armenian... Bachelor 's degree in mathematics from the Economist he now decided to return to his and. His prospects of becoming a successful violinist were slim, Dr. Damadian is the father of 20th! The device, was a child prodigy was being already used in Bio-Chemistry and Geology study! The machine was too small for him with most of the major companies and fellowship at Harvard widely recognized one! Crude two-dimensional image showed the students heart and lungs, but the question of who the!
Gains And Losses Of Teaching Animals Language,
Keith Relf Son,
Articles R