. [53], Meanwhile, the infantry continued their advance inland. [7] The volume would have been more but members of the 414th CIC unit learned that Chinese soldiers through ignorance destroyed many documents. 67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. However, this is contradictory to the total number of Japanese combat deaths calculated across most individual battles in the campaign. While MacArthur sought eight days worth of support from the fleet's powerful fleet carriers, Nimitz would only agree to commit this force for two days after the landings. Before June, between 20 and 25 P-39s had been lost in air combat, while three more had been destroyed on the ground and eight had been destroyed in landings by accident. 117, Infringement of the Laws of War and Ethics by the Japanese Medical Corps, contains information on violations of the Geneva Convention on the rules of warfare and points out how, time and again, medical personnel put to death their own patients. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, previously commander of the U.S. January 23, 1942 - August 1945. author Paul Bocu, 2019. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. These documents, contrary to American intelligence, indicated that the Japanese were strongly entrenched on Parry and Eniwetok islands. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. Approval was granted four days later. The Battle for Milne Bay was a small one as World War II engagements went, but very important. They included: No. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. [43], The remaining destroyers with about 2,700 surviving troops limped back to Rabaul. Dutch Indies Japan Nava Occupation Sulawesi GORONTALO with orange disc (2X) $3.25 . By December 27, 1942, 1,100 Japanese documents had been received at the Advanced Land Headquarters, Brisbane, from the New Guinea area. To ensure that all involved in captured records activities had an appreciation for records and information, the Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) (Southwest Pacific Area [SWPA]) published, at the specific direction of the War Department, Publication No. It contained details of the proposed landing of Tama Group (full strength of one division) at Ormoc, Leyte, on November 1st. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents, dated December 14, 1944. In December 1943, an operational order indicating the times and dates at which Japanese submarine were scheduled to appear in designated spots in the Arawe area, New Britain, was translated by ATIS and immediately forwarded to Naval Intelligence where prompt action was taken. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison summed up the results this way: the enemy had shot his bolt; he never showed up again in these waters. The plane in which Fukudome was flying also crashed into the sea, near the island of Cebu. Japanese forces began to land on the island of Luzon in the Philippines on December 10. . [28], "Thenceforth, the Battle of Milne Bay became an infantry struggle in the sopping jungle carried on mostly at night under pouring rain. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. [19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. Operation Reckless, the invasion of Hollandia and Aitape of 22-27 April 1944, was one of the most dramatic leapfrogging operations during the New Guinea campaign, and saw American forces bypass the strong Japanese bases at Wewak and Hansa Bay and capture key bases for MacArthur's planned return to the Philippines. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translation. [14], Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their initial plan to take possession of Port Moresby. It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. Nimitz offered to assign eight small escort carriers to support the landing at Aitape, with these vessels then proceeding to support operations at Hollandia until 11 May. Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. As a result of immediate translation of the map, the 5th Air Force was informed and proceeded to destroy practically all of the barges. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. MacArthur was now determined to liberate the island as a stepping-stone to the reconquest of the Philippines. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. To alleviate this difficulty, in July 1944, an officer was assigned for duty with ATIS for the purpose of organizing a sub-section to clean and restore documents making them more readily legible. [14] The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . Today known as Jayapura, in 1941 Hollandia (140.707E 2.543S) was the largest settlement in the Dutch half of New Guinea.It was located on the only really first-class natural harbor on the north coast of Dutch New Guinea, Humboldt Bay, though it had only primitive port facilities. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. [10] After the chief of staff of the Second Area Army travelled to Wewak to deliver Adachi orders in person, he directed that the 66th Infantry Regiment begin moving from Wewak to Hollandia on 18 April; it was expected that this unit would arrive there in mid-June. Actual Allied losses amounted to one destroyer, one oiler, one corvette, two cargo ships and approximately 25 aircraft. The landings at Hollandia and Aitape were followed just four weeks later by landings at Wakde, Sarmi and Toem, to the west. Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. The War Department Intelligence Service established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach individuals to be Japanese-language interpreters and translators. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. It was captured and was found to be carrying a Japanese message. 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. 3 (Fall 2005). Also produced were ATIS Publications. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. [25] But fighters did provide cover for the transports, and for bombers when their targets were within range. Lieut. Due to USAAF doctrine and a lack of long-range escorts, long-range bomber raids on targets like Rabaul went in unescorted and suffered heavy losses, prompting severe criticism of Lieutenant General George Brett by war correspondents for misusing his forces. Meanwhile, on 30 March and continuing to 3 April these air forces attacked Hollandia itself and the airfields on the Sentani plain. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. The Pacific Strategy, 1941-1944. "[43], Marshal Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto promised the emperor that he would pay back the Allies for the disaster at the Bismarck Sea with a series of massive air strikes. Others included information about the Psychology in the Japanese Armed Forces (No. [21] Japanese bombers were often escorted by fighters which came in at 30,000ft (9,100m)too high to be intercepted by the P-39s and P-40sgiving the Japanese an altitude advantage in air combat. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. Landings were made at two points in the Hollandia area on April 22, 1944, with the U.S. 24th Infantry Division moving ashore at Tanahmerah Bay and the 41st Infantry Division pushing inland at Humboldt Bay, 25 miles (40 km) to the east. (Map 2) Invasion of Dutch New Guinea. The documents were then sent on to ATIS, SWPA, for final examination. 5, Bibliographic Subject Index for Enemy Publications 1-200 (November 30, 1944), with a supplementary index from 201-300 (March 1945); No. At Anguar Island in the Western Carolinas in early September 1944, agents from the 81st CIC Detachment, with the 81st Infantry Division, captured a large volume of records, including blueprints, books, miscellaneous documents, files, 40 pounds of mail, and Japanese currency and coins. Interrogation of a prisoner confirmed the fact that supplies were being unloaded at Lae from enemy submarines. portalId: 20973928, By the time the Allied bombers and PT boats finished their work on 3 March, Kimura had lost all eight transports and four of his eight destroyers. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. On 24 April, the beach became more congested with the arrival of scheduled reinforcements and further equipment, as well as two transports and seven LSTs carrying troops, including the corps commander and his headquarters, which had been diverted from Tanahmerah Bay. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian -administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. Todays post is by Dr. Greg Bradsher, Senior Archivist at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. Combined Fleet, Third Fleet and Southeast Area Commanders. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. No. In January 1943 the Allied and the Japanese forces facing each other on New Guinea were like two battered heavyweights. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. This success was attributable to Milne Bay's Australian and US defenders together with the crews of the (mostly Dutch) merchantmen that had delivered vital supplies and reinforcements to the garrison. It made the term amphibious a household word throughout the English-speaking world. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. 72 was published as an accumulation of documentary evidence for the Commission Regarding Breaches of the Rules of Warfare by the Japanese Forces of the Australian Commonwealth. [46] Yamamoto then turned his attention to New Guinea: 94 planes struck Oro Bay on 11 April; 174 planes hit Port Moresby on 12 April; and in the largest raid of all, 188 aircraft struck Milne Bay on 14 April. [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. By 22 August, about 8,500 Australians and 1,300 Americans were on site. The Aussies were fighting mad, for they had found some of their captured fellows tied to trees and bayoneted to death, surmounted by the placard, 'It took them a long time to die'. After the Japanese invasion of New Guinea the Americans, aided by Australian troops, organized a series of landings and other offensive actions against the Japanese in New Guinea. 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