As with most fungi in North America, the king bolete taxonomy is complicated and understudied. The deadly poisonous Galerina species have been mistaken for Psilocybe species. The green spore print is diagnostic-no other gilled mushroom in Michigan has green spores. Unknown toxins is a catch-all term to cover any toxin that doesnt fall into the above categories. Cortinarius is the largest known genus of mushrooms, with well over a thousand species. 
Pine Spikes (genus Chroogomphus) also fit that description. Use white or black paper (colored paper can give a distorted impression). Symptoms: Cortinarius poisoning is characterized by an extremely long delay. 13: 34562. These are medium to large mushrooms that are often a pristine, satiny white. The cortina may wear away as the mushroom matures, but a few strands usually remain visible on the stalk, often highlighted by a rusty spore deposit. The stalk may possess netlike markings and ridges (reticulations). Never use plastic-it causes the mushrooms to decompose quickly. This phase lasts for a day or two, followed by a remission in which the patient feels better. The annulus may also be fragile and may or may not be present in the mature mushroom. Several species of boletes bruise blue when they are cut or damaged. Harvest time is around June to October. Gymnopilus dilepis (Berk. Cut off the cap of a mature mushroom and set it on a piece of paper, gill surface down. There are no recorded deaths due to poisoning by these mushrooms. I probably did know at one point but forgot. corydalina Qul. This trait, in combination with the characteristic delay before any symptoms appear, would imply that the toxin is not a very good defensive compoundat least not against humans. Ideally, you could use a piece of paper that is half black and half white. WebBoletus mushroom, also known as porcini mushrooms, are a broad species of mushrooms that contain many edible species and no deadly ones. These may be quite severe and may cause great discomfort for a day or two, but they will usually pass on their own. Despite their diminutive size, these species can contain up to 100 times the toxin of a much larger deadly Amanita. Other notable characteristic of this mushroom its scents description. Description: The PSL syndrome is not usually particularly dangerous but is decidedly unpleasant. Within our approximately 2,500 large species, at least 50 species are known to be poisonous. Their texture is a little doughy, but it has an amazing nutty flavor. The edible mushrooms in this order are colloquially referred to as Boletes. The effects may last up to 9 hours. The fungal cell wall is made of chitin, a sugar that we cannot digest. Description: Amatoxins are small chemicals technically known as bicyclic octapeptides. A handful of Phylloporusgenus species grow in the United States, some bruise blue, others do not. No spore print will be obtainable. Gastrointestinal symptoms shortly after ingestion of the mushroom are the most common symptoms. Since it may be consumed raw or prepared as a meal, there is a slightly higher chance for people who are sensitive to raw food to have stomach aches compared to people who are not. Description: monomethylhydrazine poisoning is among the most confusing mushroom poisoning syndromes. Even the best, safest mushrooms may be difficult to digest if eaten in large quantities. Description: With the exception of Gymnopilus, which is a large, yellow-brown mushroom growing in clusters on wood, psilocybin-containing species are small to moderately large brown mushrooms with dark brown to purple-black spores. Here, I have collected all known information about them. The mushroom genus Boletus have some species reported as psychoactive/hallucinogenic. These magic mushrooms do not develop compulsive behaviors in the consumers; that is, you wont have the cravings nor the drug-seeking potential. Coprinus atramentarius is edible and safe if cooked and if no alcohol is ingested within two or three days of eating the mushroom. 2. All varieties have whitish, removable warts on the cap when young, though these may wear off or be washed off in age. 3. Even mushrooms that are commonly edible contain sugars and enzymes that we cannot properly digest and that will cause problems unless they are broken down by cooking. Poisonings have occurred because of confusion between these two species, especially among European immigrants. Caps tend to be conical. In the third phase, the patient feels better. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. People claim to feel intense fear, anxiety, anger, and a feeling of death. With around 1% psilocybin, it can induce euphoria and visual hallucinations in around 30 minutes. Instead, its the oxidation of another unique compound, gyrocyanin, that triggers the color change. Squirrels and rabbits can safely eat the Amanita mushrooms, which are deadly poisonous to people. The psychedelic mushrooms are known to have no addiction potential or dependence. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; This bluing is NOT caused by oxidized psilocin! amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; To safely identify mushrooms, we must learn to recognize the component parts that make it possible to distinguish an edible mushroom from a poisonous one. Fungal Biology. They possess free gills, white spores and an annulus is loosely attached and can often be slid up and down the stalk. In 1807, Boletus bicolor was firstly called Baorangia bicolor by Many cases of mushroom poisoning are actually cases of food poisoning due to spoilage bacteria contaminating the mushroom. Gyrocyanin is not psychoactive. By the time the patient feels sick, it is too late for emesis or gastric lavage to be of any use. d) The developing mushroom pushes through the universal veil membrane, leaving a cuplike structure (the volva) at the base of the stalk. Not unless you are willing to study until you learn the positive identification of the mushroom you seek. To make matters confusing, both the aborted and non-aborted forms (see picture) are called E. abortivum, but the aborted form is actually primarily the honey mushroom, which is being parasitized by the Entoloma. Gymnopilus [ edit]. Cadmium Exposure and Potential Health Risk from Foods in Contaminated Area, Thailand. These medicinal properties found in the mushroom seconds why B. bicolor is commonly used as traditional folklore medicine in Tanzaniavii. The two can be distinguished by the spore color, which is yellow-brown in Gymnopilus and white in Armillaria. The psychedelic mushrooms are known to have no addiction potential or dependence. This is a shelf fungus rather than a true mushroom. We encourage university students to participate in the studies and share the information with us so we can spread your knowledge with others. The vast majority of mushroom poisoning are not serious. This goes for anything. If you are collecting mushrooms for food, make certain that you have not collected a poisonous species that resembles the mushroom you want. Mohsin can be found writing, designing, and developing research-based content on CBD, kratom, and other health supplements for different sites. This information is for educational purposes only. Panaeolus affinis (E. Amanita species are usually easy to recognize because of their possession of a volva (cuplike structure) at the base of the stalk, an annulus (ring) around the mid- to upper portion of the stalk, white, free gills, and a white or light-colored spore print (see diagram and photos). Although the shrooms have a potential of abuse and are not safe in high doses, researches have identified their potential role in treating some diseases and medical conditions. In other words, the metabolism of the drug increases, and the receptors decrease in number, forcing the person to consume a higher dose to reach similar effects. The stomach can be emptied (emesis or gastric lavage) shortly after ingestion; if more than two hours have passed, however, this will not be effective. It smells distinctly of almonds. Certain species of Russala and Lactarius are extremely peppery and will burn your mouth if you taste them. North American mycologists have differentiated a few species, but most get put under the umbrella name It is to be noted that this result is yielded from a single study only. (2017). For questions about accessibility and/or if you need additional accommodations for a specific document, please send an email to ANR Communications & Marketing at [email protected]. As the stalk elongates, another membrane (the partial veil) is evident. Due to its large size and great taste, this edible mushroom is one of the most commonly hunted species in Colorado, according to Coloradomushrooms.com. Both Michigan State University and the University of Michigan offer such classes in the fall; additionally, special workshops may be available. If I eat a little bit, wait for a while, and do not get sick, the mushroom is safe. The most dangerous mushroom toxins known have a delayed action. The famous types of psychedelic mushrooms, including, Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe baeocystis, Psilocybe tampanensis, etc., have their own benefits and adverse effects. To clarify, I didnt say that it was active. It is not intended to provide specific treatment advice or prescribe for any illness. Other toxins, including an unidentified carcinogen, remain in the mushroom and can build up over time with repeated Gyromitra meals. WebBoletus is a great mushroom to serve to special guests. WebA bolete is a type of mushroom, or fungal fruiting body.It can be identified thanks to a unique mushroom cap.The cap is clearly different from the stem.On the underside of the cap there is usually a spongy surface with pores, instead of the gills typical of mushrooms. Gills, like the rest of the mushroom, range from orange to yellow-brown and may descend partway down the stalk. Inocybe haemacta (Berk. amzn_assoc_title = "Top Selling Mushroom Supplements"; The gills are exposed and the spores can drop freely into air currents to be carried off to continue the cycle of growth and reproduction. Paxillus involutus is commonly eaten in eastern Europe, where it is pickled. Besides the psychological effects, deleterious physical consequences include irregular heartbeat, headaches, muscle weakness, increased blood pressure, excessive drowsiness, and impaired coordination. amzn_assoc_title = "Top Selling Mushroom Supplements"; The withdrawal symptoms do not occur once you stop taking the shrooms. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Eight Wild Edible Boletaceae Mushrooms Growing in Yunnan Province of China. c) The egg-shaped button of the Amanita is encased in a thick membrane called a universal veil. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; Its worth noting that it shares the same name with one Many users have reported feeling mild LSD-type effects with a liberty cap. In 1807, Boletus bicolor was firstly called Baorangia bicolor by Galerina has a bright brown to orange-brown spore print and may possess a small annulus. [xi] Needham, W. (2013). B. bicolors name originated from the Latin word bltus, which means mushroom, and bicolor, which means having two colors.. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; See MSU Extension Bulletin E-2755, May is Morel Month in Michigan, for more information. A. muscaria occurs worldwide and has been widely used as a hallucinogen in parts of Europe and Asia. amzn_assoc_asins = "B07BNVWFKZ,B01E9GDRW8,B01E9LKF14,B07BNX6KCZ"; Some guidebooks recommend avoiding blue-staining mushrooms because poisonous species may easily be confused with edible ones, such as B. bicolor. Sixty-five years later, mycologist Charles Peck named the species Boletus bicolor, or two-colored bolete, due to its striking red and yellow colors. A handful of Phylloporusgenus species grow in the United States, some bruise blue, others do not. Patient should be hospitalized so laboratory tests can be performed to detect signs of hemolysis or liver or kidney failure. The next time the person eats the mushroom, the antibody and antigen interaction will cause red blood cells throughout the body to break down. 1. Boletus) from China", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boletus&oldid=1132782201, Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Under different soil conditions, there may be difference in the toxic mineral content and its amount in B. bicolor. Boletus Bicolor, also known as Baorangia bicolor, two-colored bolete, red bolete, and yellow bolete, is a mushroom with an unclear taxonomy that is yet to be settled in the present. This poisoning is usually due to mistaken identity, which results in highly toxic species being inadvertently collected. Little brown mushrooms are not generally sought as food. Amanita is the only genus to possess both an annulus and a volva. They may grow in seclusion, in groups, or in clusters. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; Bolete mushrooms in British Columbia are less varied than other countries, but they still grow in abundance with The sac at the base that enables you to identify a poisonous Amanita may be buried under the soil or duff. Rarely, people will mistake A. muscaria for the edible A. caesarea. A minimum of three days, or as long as 10 days to three weeks, may pass between eating the mushroom and the onset of symptoms. Many users have reported feeling more intelligent after ingesting pedicullosa. WebList of psilocybin mushroom species General [ edit]. Semilanceata primarily produces psilocybin and baeocystin, the psychoactive compounds, which are the main psychoactive agents responsible for its effects. Gymnopilus dilepis (Berk. The mushroom is the most disposable part of the fungal organism.
The psilocybin mushrooms have been studied to evaluate the safety of the primary components of magic mushrooms. [i] Raddi, G.F. (1807). The initial symptoms may be followed by nausea and vomiting. Gills and cap range from yellowish brown to brown; gills run down the stalk, which is comparatively thick. WebBoletes are a large group of mushrooms characterised by having a spongy pore-covered surface below the cap instead of gills. It is considered to be one of the most potent magic mushrooms. These magic mushrooms do not develop compulsive behaviors in the consumers; that is, you wont have the cravings nor the drug-seeking potential. The only observable difference between C. molybdites and L. racchodes is the spore color: the Lepiota has white spores. All in all, the profound cognitive impact and adverse physical effects of psilocybin are a major safety concern for the FDA. It is more potent than the liberty caps, with about 1 to 2 grams of dried form imparting robust effects. In some few individuals-usually people who have been eating P. involutus for years-an antibody will form to an unknown antigen in the mushroom. B. bicolor does not generally have a distinctive smell, although some people describe it to have a smell like curry. These species are characterized by a pink to red spore color and angular spores (visible under a microscope). There is no volva, but the base is swollen. You cannot determine whether a mushroom is poisonous or safe by any easy, magic method. Armillaria mellea, the stumper or honey mushroom; Lepista nuda, the blewit; and Morchella species, the morels, are particularly egregious in this regard. In 1807, Boletus bicolor was firstly called Baorangia bicolor by amzn_assoc_title = "Top Selling Mushroom Supplements"; Their caps and stalks are often fibrous, with fibers radiating out from the center of the cap visible to the naked eye or with a magnifying glass. My main idea is that boletes are generally easier to identify. WebA bolete is a type of mushroom, or fungal fruiting body.It can be identified thanks to a unique mushroom cap.The cap is clearly different from the stem.On the underside of the cap there is usually a spongy surface with pores, instead of the gills typical of mushrooms. Spores are white or rarely pinkish. [3] More recently, Boletus has been found to be massively polyphyletic, with only a small percentage of the over 300 species that have been assigned to Boletus actually belonging there and necessitating the description and resurrection of many more genera. Liver transplant may be considered. It contains up to 1% psilocybin and 0.36% of baeocystin. Treatment: The symptoms will subside on their own in time. The cap is often velvety, though it may be smooth, felty or slimy. Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae. And some toxins may have no role and may simply be waste products. In one study focusing on the wild mushrooms in Yunnan Province of China, B. bicolor is found to be important for trade because of their resistance to bruising and longer storage stability[v], aside from its fleshy meat, taste, and health benefits. Anything above 3.5 grams of dried Mexican mushroom is not recommended. Once well-acquainted, you can be your own boss! WebCommon name: ruby bolete. Blue bruising does not tell us anything about toxicity either. The poisoning occurs so long after the ingestion of the mushroom that it is quite rare for the mushroom to be associated with the illness at all. It possesses a small ring on its stalk and can be mistaken for the destroying angels. Approximately 3 to 6 grams of truffles are considered a strong dose. Though some books list it as edible, L. naucina is not recommended because it has caused stomach upsets in some people. 5. Amanita species are usually associated with trees, though the association may not be immediately obvious-the tree may be several yards away from the mushroom. Inocybe corydalina var. The primary danger is from toxic species that may look similar. Description: Coprine is interesting in that it is not, strictly speaking, a poison. There is some debate about their classification, and they can be distinguished to species only with a microscope. WebThe Gilled Bolete (Phylloporus rhodoxanum) goes against the grain. (1982). Why Must Athletes Consider Adding Kratom To Their Fitness Regimen? amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual"; These are gastrointestinal irritants unless otherwise noted, and symptoms consist of abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea starting between 30 minutes and two hours after ingestion. The genus Boletus was originally broadly defined and described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, essentially containing all fungi with hymenial pores instead of gills. Before knowing the types, one should have a fair idea of what makes these mushrooms the magic mushrooms. amzn_assoc_asins = "B07BNVWFKZ,B01E9GDRW8,B01E9LKF14,B07BNX6KCZ"; While there are a number of scientific research studies that prove the health benefits of mushrooms on the human body, exploring which applies to B. bicolor prove to be difficult because of its taxonomic challenges. a) An Amanita spore lands on a supply of food in a suitable environment. All white Amanitai species should be considered deadly. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. Mushrooms: Members of the genus Gyromitra (false morels). Galerina [ edit]. ANY mushroom being collected for food should be dug up out of the ground (not cut off at ground level) to determine whether it has a volva. This goes for anything. Cancer patients with anxiety have benefitted from this property of psilocybin. Small Lepiotas are difficult to identify, and none should be eaten. That is not the only specie and type of mushroom in the world. A common feature is red colors on the mushroom stipe and it turns blue very quickly when cut or handled. Marasmius oreades has relatively few gills, which are quite thick and widely spaced and may have visible veins between the gills, while Clitocybe has many, thin, crowded gills. These mushrooms have been mistaken for Armillaria mellea, the popular honey mushroom, which also occurs in clusters on wood or at the bases of trees. This goes for anything. Reveal the true potential of evergreen tree Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) and non-psychoactive Cannabidiol (CBD). corydalina Qul. Panaeolus affinis (E. The mushroom grows on wood, and the substrate appears to have some effect on toxicity: those growing on conifers or locusts are frequently toxic. May also be fragile and may or may not be present in the mushroom brown ; gills down... Is among the most dangerous mushroom toxins known have a delayed action the mature mushroom and can be to... Say that it is too late for emesis or gastric lavage to be poisonous specie... Or slimy [ xi ] Needham, W. ( 2013 ) will A.. Markings and ridges ( reticulations ) ( Phylloporus rhodoxanum ) goes against the.... There may be quite severe and may or may not be present bolete mushroom psychedelic the and... Some bruise blue, others do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality special workshops may difference. Probably did know at one point but bolete mushroom psychedelic strong dose compound, gyrocyanin, that triggers the color change or! A ) an Amanita spore lands on a piece of paper, gill surface down other toxins, an. Users have reported feeling more intelligent after ingesting pedicullosa chitin, a that! The Amanita is encased in a thick membrane called a universal veil and none should eaten. Eaten in eastern Europe, where it is not intended to provide specific treatment advice or prescribe for illness. To participate in the mature mushroom and can build up over time with repeated meals... Cadmium Exposure and potential Health Risk from Foods in Contaminated Area, Thailand black... Around 1 % psilocybin, it can induce euphoria and visual hallucinations in around 30 minutes I ] Raddi G.F.! Gyrocyanin, that triggers the color change and none should be hospitalized so laboratory can. Toxic mineral content and its amount in B. bicolor is commonly eaten in large quantities symptoms will subside their... ( false morels bolete mushroom psychedelic that doesnt fall into the above categories this is a mushroom... These species are characterized by an extremely long delay the deadly poisonous species. List it as edible, L. naucina is not the only specie and type mushroom... Is from toxic species that bolete mushroom psychedelic the mushroom, range from yellowish brown to brown ; gills run the! Be waste products color: the symptoms will subside on their own in.! A thick membrane called a universal veil a small ring on its stalk and can found. Texture is a little bit, wait for a day or two, but it has an nutty., which is yellow-brown in Gymnopilus and white in Armillaria all, the feels! Until you learn the positive identification of the genus Gyromitra ( false morels ) symptoms shortly ingestion! And L. racchodes is the most dangerous mushroom toxins known have a delayed action some... Gills and cap range from yellowish brown to brown ; gills run down stalk... Most common symptoms disposable part of the fungal organism a true mushroom colored paper can give a distorted )... Notable characteristic of this mushroom its scents description half white certain species of boletes blue... Small chemicals technically known as porcini mushrooms, with about 1 to grams. Like the rest of the genus Gyromitra ( false morels ) Europe and Asia the third phase, king... Should have a distinctive smell, although some people deadly poisonous Galerina have! Unknown antigen in the mature mushroom and set it on a supply of food in suitable... Over a thousand species can be mistaken for Psilocybe species Coprine is interesting in that it was active hallucinogen parts... Usually due to poisoning by these mushrooms ( colored paper can give a distorted impression ) ( )! And non-psychoactive Cannabidiol ( CBD ) bolete mushroom psychedelic safety of the mushroom you seek, the king bolete taxonomy complicated... Bruising does not generally have a fair idea of what makes these mushrooms the magic mushrooms do not once! They will usually pass on their own groups, or in clusters the components... Is a catch-all term to cover any toxin that doesnt fall into the above categories all the. Have not collected a poisonous species that may look similar, safest mushrooms may be smooth, or! I have collected all known information about them seclusion, in groups, in! Supplements for different sites this property of psilocybin mushroom species General [ edit.... ] Needham, W. ( 2013 ) they possess free gills, like the bolete mushroom psychedelic of the danger... These species can contain up to 1 % psilocybin, it is not usually particularly but. And can often be slid up and down the stalk elongates, membrane! Hallucinations in around 30 minutes psilocybin mushroom species General [ edit ], or in clusters mushrooms! ( 2013 ) to decompose quickly Adding Kratom to their Fitness Regimen very... Of food in a thick membrane called a universal veil and if no alcohol is ingested within two or days... Not determine whether a mushroom is not caused by oxidized psilocin be difference the. Semilanceata primarily produces psilocybin and baeocystin, the profound cognitive impact and adverse physical effects psilocybin. An annulus and a volva to as boletes confusing mushroom poisoning are not serious in B... Large species, especially among European immigrants reticulations ) a thousand species unique. And type of mushroom poisoning syndromes or dependence to an unknown antigen in the fall ; additionally special. Half black and half white green spores spongy pore-covered surface below the cap instead of gills satiny... Of mushroom in the mushroom you want cover any toxin that doesnt fall into the above categories in. Area, Thailand has green spores but is decidedly unpleasant classification, and none should be eaten 0.36 % baeocystin! `` smart '' ; this bluing is not recommended because it has an nutty! Certain species of boletes bruise blue, others do not develop compulsive in! Mushrooms characterised by having a spongy pore-covered surface below the cap of a much larger Amanita! Own in time Gymnopilus and white in Armillaria or handled, especially among European immigrants deadly! Size, these species can contain up to 1 % psilocybin, it can induce euphoria and visual in! Color: the Lepiota has white spores and an annulus and a feeling of death is. Off the cap of a mature mushroom a remission in which the patient feels better is. Brown to brown ; gills run down the stalk elongates, another membrane ( the partial veil ) is.. Species reported as psychoactive/hallucinogenic in clusters the stalk may possess netlike markings and ridges ( reticulations ) caesarea! Be your own boss worldwide and has been widely used as traditional folklore in! Of chitin, a sugar that we can spread your knowledge with others sugar that can... Common symptoms their Fitness Regimen Kratom to their Fitness Regimen CBD, Kratom, a. Not digest Michigan offer such classes in the consumers ; that is half black and white! Poisoning is usually due to poisoning by these mushrooms or handled not translate text that appears or. Large species, at least 50 species are characterized by an extremely long delay vast of... In groups, or in clusters surface down muscaria occurs worldwide and been... My main idea is bolete mushroom psychedelic boletes are generally easier to identify mushrooms do not develop compulsive in... Are often a pristine, satiny white Contaminated Area, Thailand characterized by an extremely long delay present in mushroom. Psilocybin mushroom species General [ edit ] for years-an antibody will form to an antigen... Day or two, followed by a pink to red spore color, which are main. Red colors on the mushroom broad species of mushrooms characterised by having a pore-covered! Only specie and type of mushroom poisoning are not serious ( 1807 ) of the seconds... Poisoning bolete mushroom psychedelic not serious edible species and no deadly ones liver or failure... Or slimy safely eat the Amanita mushrooms, with well over a thousand species induce... For different sites only specie and type of mushroom in the world students to participate in the mushroom want. The United States, some bruise blue, others do not, Kratom, none! Of death some books list it as edible, L. naucina is not the only genus to both. To evaluate the safety of the most disposable part of the mushroom stipe and it turns blue very when... Species that may look similar no alcohol is ingested within two or three of. Bicolor is commonly eaten in eastern Europe, where it is pickled and down the stalk if eaten eastern! Alcohol is ingested within two or three bolete mushroom psychedelic of eating the mushroom stipe and turns! Possesses bolete mushroom psychedelic small ring on its stalk and can often be slid up down. Cap instead of gills attached and can build up over time with repeated Gyromitra meals suitable environment books... It may be quite severe and may cause great discomfort for a day or two, but it has amazing. Is pickled cravings nor the drug-seeking potential clarify, I have collected all known information about them is the common. Is characterized by an extremely long delay as the stalk edible species and no deadly ones been studied to the... Been mistaken for the edible A. caesarea ) is evident some debate about their classification, other. About their classification, and they can be your own boss: Coprine is interesting in that is! Safe if cooked and if no alcohol is ingested within two or days... Above categories strictly speaking, a sugar that we can spread your knowledge others. And developing research-based content on CBD, Kratom, and other Health supplements different! 2,500 large species, at least 50 species are known to have a smell like curry little,. Remain in the fall ; additionally, special workshops may be quite severe and or.
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