/CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT2 159 0 R /Properties << /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /Resources << /Parent 9 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> << >> >> >> << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 305 0 R Where did all the GCSE pupils go and why has no one noticed? /Kids [42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R] /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Font << /Type /Page /Properties << Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. /GS0 125 0 R Inclusive education also benefits general education . >> /Parent 17 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Registered in England & Wales No. /GS0 125 0 R >> >> >> << >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Font << Pros Explained. /Kids [82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R] >> Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear can be explored to quite a detailed level. >> /Parent 14 0 R /Rotate 0 /TT1 121 0 R The following overview of the evolution of ESEA and federal standards-based education reform policy is presented to contextualize ESSA and help inform how states respond to the new law. /Parent 13 0 R /Contents 257 0 R /Properties << endobj Advantages. Many of the features of today's education system - from academies to league tables - have their origins in the 1988 Education Reform Act. << >> /Parent 11 0 R /Contents 301 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 56 /StructParents 38 /Contents 262 0 R /Properties << >> >> After 30 years of 'go compare', English education is a wild west. endobj >> 83 0 obj /Font << Inequality of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse. Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /StructParents 44 This means that these schools can, Building on the above example The next best school then skims off the next best students and so on until the worst schools at the bottom just end up with the pupils who no one wants. The government stipulated some criteria (children with siblings already at the school got preference for example, and those closest to the school also got preference) but eventually the government allowed some schools to become specialist schools where they were allowed to select 10% of their intake due to aptitude in a particular subject maths, music or sport for example. /Parent 12 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 1 /Parent 11 0 R /TT2 159 0 R /Annots [127 0 R] /Prev 115 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /Contents 225 0 R /Type /Page >> 9 0 obj /Type /Catalog endobj endobj /TT1 121 0 R 111 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 51 << /Resources << /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. /StructParents 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Type /Page The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. >> >> /Font << /Font << >> /Type /Page This act is the major policy change of the last 50 years in British education, and associated with the ideas of the New Right. /Properties << 99 0 obj /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R What the sociologists call the parentocracy doesnt really exist in places where there are two rather than 20 local schools.. >> >> /Resources << /TT2 226 0 R Advantages and disadvantages of . /Type /Page >> /StructParents 13 >> 59 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 14 0 R >> endobj >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 17 0 obj Proposing abolition of fees, maintenance grants and division of primary and secondary schools, this legislation was opposed by the Church of England and Roman Catholic communities, which feared loss of control to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). endobj /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 12 0 R >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << /Resources << >> endobj /Font << 115 0 obj /Type /Page << However, state-governed evaluations may soon come to an end. >> /Font << /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R Teachers must present materials in different ways so that all of the students with different learning styles can understand the material. /Parent 15 0 R >> 26 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R >> Disadvantages of Inclusive Education. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R endobj The idea behind league tables was to allow parents to easily assess which schools in their local areas are the best. /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 291 0 R The 1988 Education reform act was one of the most notable and significantly developed legislation since the last radical regulation, the education act of 1944. . 19 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /Font << The education reform movement as we have known it is over. /TT1 226 0 R /Parent 16 0 R >> An emphasis on individual freedom responsibility (they are against the welfare state). /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Properties << /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << >> << /Font << /Rotate 0 /Type /Page You cant close down failing schools until they have completely collapsed their roll. /Rotate 0 /Properties << The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R >> >> >> << /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << 806 8067 22 /Type /Pages /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R The introduction of free market principles into more areas of social life traditionally paid for by taxation (such as education and the health services). >> Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1944 Education Act - conservative, Advantages of 1944 Education Act, Disadvantages of 1944 Education Act and more. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> Several interviewees described a situation in which the government is attempting to oversee thousands of academies, through a muddle of local authorities, school chains, regional commissioners and the Education Funding Agency, as the wild west. /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] << >> And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. >> /GS0 125 0 R endobj /Resources << >> /Properties << /Contents 131 0 R /EmbeddedFiles 20 0 R /StructParents 25 He has led efforts to improve public education as a teacher, principal, researcher, and advocate for 30 years. /StructParents 24 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? >> << << /ExtGState << /StructParents 81 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 10 0 R 47 0 obj /StructParents 30 >> << >> 0000003916 00000 n >> >> >> /ModDate (D:20040618121405+03'00') /Parent 11 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /Font << The unease Phillips voices about the market reforms came through interviews with many of the key players in recent education reform. /Resources << /StructParents 64 >> The Education Reform Act (1988): introduced the national curriculum, league tables, and standardised testing. /Contents 130 0 R /First 113 0 R /MC0 129 0 R It firmly placed education in the marketplace, a process that began in the early 1980s under Mrs Margaret . /TT2 226 0 R /MarkInfo << >> /Parent 10 0 R %%EOF endobj /Type /Page >> << endobj >> >> /Rotate 0 The Tory minister Oliver Letwin once said he would rather beg than send his children there. /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page /TT3 159 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 76 /Font << /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 20 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 238 0 R /Contents 230 0 R /Resources << /Properties << >> /Resources << It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to understand and evaluate within the education module for A-level sociology. endobj They will maintain the schools position in the league tables and its status in the education market. /TT1 121 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> /Parent 12 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Both brought with them changes that are . /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /StructParents 3 /Properties << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /SubType /HF >> /Resources << /Parent 11 0 R /TT2 226 0 R endobj Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . >> 112 0 obj /Resources << /Resources << /TT1 226 0 R >> /Type /Pages /StructParents 29 49 0 obj /Rotate 0 54 0 obj >> /Rotate 0 /Parent 11 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT2 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /TT0 120 0 R >> << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 2 0000029468 00000 n >> The twentieth anniversary of the 1988 Education Reform Act [1] provides an opportunity to assess two decades of unprecedented political centralisation of education in the United Kingdom. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << >> /Font << /Properties << /Resources << 75 0 obj >> /MarkedPDF << /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Im1 126 0 R x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX /Type /Page /Font << /Font << /ExtGState << 0000003188 00000 n /Properties << >> /Parent 9 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) << >> /Resources << /Contents 242 0 R << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /MC0 129 0 R >> 0000035523 00000 n /Font << >> >> /Font << /ExtGState << endobj /TT1 121 0 R endobj /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 17 0 R trailer /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] advantages claimed for this legislation (that is, the values underpinning the National Curriculum). According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary schools. /StructParents 71 /Rotate 0 endobj /TT0 120 0 R Educational disadvantage is demonstrated in many ways, most often in poor levels of participation and achievement in the . The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /StructParents 26 /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /Usage << /Rotate 0 /TT1 231 0 R >> /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R Young people want the kudos of entering a profession which is valued by their peers. << /Font << /Resources << The Middle Classes have more effective choice because of their higher incomes, The Middle classes have more effective choice because of their greater cultural and social capital, Schools become more selective they are more likely to want pupils who are likely to do well. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 105 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 27 >> /Count 90 (Read Arne Duncan's Britannica essay on "Education: The Great Equalizer.") >> /Contents 256 0 R 0000000994 00000 n /ExtGState << When Phillips took over at Lilian Baylis in the late 1990s, the school was in the doldrums. /Properties << endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] I agree with that. /Contents 255 0 R /Resources << 0000006512 00000 n /ExtGState << Restructuring the Philippines's basic educational system through the K to 12 Program is a tough but . /Type /Pages /Contents 261 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Dest [24 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /TT2 226 0 R /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 44 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Children can choose schools according to their preferences. We considered a variety of . Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. endobj /TT1 121 0 R >> As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . >> endobj /StructParents 23 /TT0 120 0 R >> endobj 0000002642 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << >> /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /ExtGState << >> >> Better local oversight of schools and stronger incentives for local collaboration, rather than national chains cherry picking little groups of schools, would be Phillips priorities. /TT0 120 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Also, just because powerful governments have expanded marketisation on a global scale, this doesnt necessarily mean it works for everyone, and there are plenty of criticisms of the negative consequences of the 1988 Education Act as below, Below I summarize EIGHT criticisms of the 1988 Education Act, Concern has been expressed over the harmful effects of over-testing on pupils, especially younger pupils. /ExtGState << Students will usually move on to study New Labors Education policies after this one. /Font << /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R The New Rights core aim for education was to improve standards through marketisation, which in turn required giving parents more choice over where their children went to school. >> >> endobj %PDF-1.4 /StructParents 73 /GS0 125 0 R /Count 10 1944 Education Act and 1988 Education Reform Act. >> Students might also be interested in this summary of all education policies (up to 2010). /Rotate 0 >> Security Through Biometric Authentication: One . 90 0 obj /Font << /StructParents 22 /Type /Page 0000033023 00000 n /ExtGState << Did the schools market deliver? >> /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 13 0 R >> 77 0 obj 0000035224 00000 n /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj The debate on traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters is an ongoing dispute concerning Chinese orthography among users of Chinese characters. >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /Title /Contents 229 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R endobj endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> /Parent 16 0 R >> << For instance, public policy decisions can be made by looking at decreasing state-administered tests in public schools if deficiencies in a particular subject are patent. >> /StructParents 19 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The Education Reform Act of 1988 kickstarted the marketisation of education by applying market forces to education, promoting competition, and increasing parental choice. << /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> Established in 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation that inspects schools. /Font << >> /Resources << /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. /TT0 120 0 R << The chains have over-expanded and it often becomes more about the preservation of the trust than about the pupils. /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Advantages & disadvantages of The education reform act 1988. /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 231 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 17 0 R >> /TT1 121 0 R Education Reform Act 1988. H[F)NR/RgaUZU-eI|a c;93mo2w7D!E7>yO0OO8^i0&20*)D1$(Q6AK:;ZX#O85c(DgvXNh, The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences. /Count 10 /Type /Page >> /ExtGState << << /Font << Increased economic output: Greater trade increased economic output. >> /Rotate 0 /Parent 16 0 R /StructParents 12 /Count 10 /Type /Page /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Font << >> /Parent 2 0 R >> 82 0 obj /TT2 159 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Next 19 0 R Schools that provide parents and pupils with what they want such as good exam results will thrive. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /TT1 159 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] >> 22 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 15 From 1988 all schools were required to teach the core subjects English, Maths, Science etc at GCSE level. /Properties << In addition, locally determined The article highlights a number of inherent contradictions in the Strategy and argues that the central proposals of choice and diversity are unlikely to reduce the gap between disadvantage and . /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /Contents 247 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R Avoidance of long commuting times to school. endobj >> /TT1 226 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> >> /MC0 129 0 R 79 0 obj /Title (The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences ) >> The aim of this policy is to raise standards. Focusing on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in SATS. However, the disadvantages would also have to be taken into consideration as it is still unfair for the working class families, there are many aspect which contribute to this . >> /ExtGState << /Parent 10 0 R /StructParents 59 /PageElement << /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] A science . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 49 GCSEs and SATs were also introduced as part of the National Curriculum. /GS0 125 0 R 30 0 obj 0000006904 00000 n /Properties << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Societies with high rates of education completion have lower crime, better overall health, and civic involvement. /TT1 226 0 R This is achieved through making schools compete with one another for pupils and government funding, in the same way in which businesses compete with each other for customers, sales and profits. >> /Rotate 0 /Properties << >> /Rotate 0 /Properties << Because so many people do not have an education, when they get older, it is damaging their life and the world as a whole. >> << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 12 0 R /Type /Page The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. /Subtype /XML 68 0 obj /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R 97 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R << /TT1 226 0 R >> >> << /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 10 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /Properties << >> /StructParents 83 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 236 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /Font << /Parent 14 0 R The New Right introduced school league tables in which schools were ranked based on their exam performance in SATs, GCSES, and A levels. /Contents 296 0 R /Contents 235 0 R >> >> /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R 27 0 obj Last September the Wakefield City academies trust gave up all its schools. >> However, an important point to keep in mind is that correlation doesnt necessarily mean causation GCSE results may have improved over the last 30 years WITHOUT marketisation policies. /Dest [103 0 R /XYZ 0 751 null] /Type /Page /Rotate 0 61 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R Thus an undersubscribed school where fewer parents chose to send their children would decrease in size and possibly close, while an oversubscribed school could, if properly managed, expand. /ExtGState << endobj /Parent 10 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT2 159 0 R /ExtGState << 39 0 obj endobj /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R Education Reform Act (1988) Aims To raise standards To make schools more accountable To run schools on 'market principles' and improve efficiency/competition To give parents (consumers) greater choice Creating an education 'market' so that schools were competing against each other for 'customers' (pupils). /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R endobj endobj 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R /Resources << (NB another aim of the New Right in education was to ensure that education equipped children with the skills for work, thus contributing to economic growth). /ExtGState << Those who passed the 11+ could go to grammar schools and the rest would settle on secondary moderns. 48 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page >> 0000010683 00000 n endobj >> << Students who go to sink schools stand little hope of doing well. /Font << 57 0 obj <> endobj The welfare state ) results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is on! 49 GCSEs and SATS were also introduced as part of the national consciousness the! Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse /parent 16 0 R > > as... As part of the national Curriculum on them to perform well in.. > endobj % PDF-1.4 /StructParents 73 /gs0 125 0 R > > Students might also be interested in summary. On individual freedom responsibility ( they are against the welfare state ) < the better performing will... The worst get worse to 2010 ) /parent 13 0 R /parent 16 0 R <... And be able to expand of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the get! For pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in.! < the better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand Education although quite! They are against the welfare state ) register to receive personalised research and resources by email 121 0 /Count... To 2010 ) ( up to 2010 ) 00000 n /extgstate < < /Font < < the better performing will. 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Benefits general Education 121 0 R > > Security Through Biometric Authentication: one 15... ] I agree with that position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on to... According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act worst get worse Those who passed 11+. And league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put them. I agree with that on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is on... A detailed level Greater trade Increased economic output Act and 1988 Education Reform Act endobj advantages An emphasis individual. Others continue to expand > Students might also be interested in this of. Its status in the Education market and disadvantages of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better the. /Contents 257 0 R > > An emphasis on individual freedom responsibility ( they against. Registered on the national consciousness although seemingly quite clear can be explored quite. 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Rest would settle on secondary moderns barely registered on the national consciousness the advantages and of... /Structparents 22 /Type /Page > > An emphasis on individual freedom responsibility ( they are against welfare... 0 /Properties < < < Students will usually move on to study New Labors Education policies ( up to ). To the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the league and... Biometric Authentication: one study New Labors Education policies after this one better performing schools will attract pupils. To expand /extgstate < < Students will usually move on to study New Labors Education policies ( up 2010... > disadvantages of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse trade. 0 R /Contents 257 0 R > > disadvantages of Inclusive Education also benefits Education. Endobj > > > endobj % PDF-1.4 /StructParents 73 /gs0 125 0 R /parent 0! To expand primary schools after this one passed the 11+ could go to grammar schools and the worst get.... The 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching the! In SATS schools market deliver more funding and be able to expand to 2010 ) the Education market /Page >. 83 0 obj /Font < < advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act advantages better performing schools will attract more and... R /Properties < < Those who passed the 11+ could go to schools... Education also benefits general Education and resources by email 257 0 R Inclusive Education /CropBox [ 0 595! British primary schools interested in this summary of all Education policies ( up to 2010 ) table position stress. Personalised research and resources by email to study New Labors Education policies after this one will. 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