toll roads owned by china

Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta on Sunday officiated the commissioning of the expressway, which links the country's main airport to the capital city Nairobi. toll roads codes promotional 269, pp. China In the absence of effective competition, governmental loan-repayment highway enterprises are highly prone to incurring excess operation and management costs and cause the typical X-inefficiency problem. 2, pp. This outcome implies that the increase in toll road scale may not have completely converted to an increase in scale efficiency. For the Nairobi Expressway, state-owned China Road and Bridge Corporation will recoup its investment over 27 years through toll charges from motorists. 3951, 2013. Xu et al. Mobility Authority Toll Roads 183A Toll Road 290 Toll Road 2020, Article ID 8885308, 2020. Ethiopia has recorded about 13 million U.S. dollars in revenue from two Chinese-built toll roads in a nine-month period, an Ethiopian official said on Friday. 13, no. However, during 20102017, the compound annual growth rate of toll road mileage is 1.03%, while the annual compound growth rate of the SEC is only 0.56%, which is much smaller than the former. When the administrative monopoly reaches a degree where the MR is equal to the MC, the effect of the administrative monopoly on the toll highway sector is optimal or rather appropriate. Thus, we can use the ratio of cumulative capital funds for the construction of governmental loan-payment toll highways to the total investment of the toll highway sector as the proxy of administrative monopoly, to test Hypothesis 2. A paid subscription is required for full access. A strategy of corporatization and privatization will assist the People's 1, pp. 4, pp. In, Ministry of Transport of China. The variables and are individual effects and random error terms. According to the National Statistical Bulletin of Toll Highways (2018) released by the Ministry of Transport of the Peoples Republic of China, the cumulative investment in the construction of governmental loan-repayment highways was 4.48705 trillion yuan, and the debt balance of governmental loan-repayment highways was 3.05361 trillion yuan by the end of 2018. Moreover, Rp398.95 trillion of investment is required to construct the toll roads. 605, pp. 6, pp. When the administrative monopoly reaches the point of balance, its MR is less than its MC; at this time, its effect is excessive. 22, no. 5263, 2015. 8995, 2009. The US$668 million project was financed by the state-owned China Communications Construction Company, CRBCs parent company. Steven W. Mosher. A line forms at a highway toll 9, pp. Hypothesis 2 is further verified from the perspective of industrial property structure. Hence, the operation management system of toll highways is characterized by one highway by one company and one highway by one management office. The operation management model of operating toll highways seems to allow the participation of market forces. 5, p. 1430, 2019. 6879, 2013. 239, no. Please do not hesitate to contact me. The results of the robustness test show that we can still obtain parameter estimation results that are highly consistent with those based on the reference after toll highway density (a proxy variable) is replaced. 11, no. As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. Existing studies and evidence show that the economic performance of governmental loan-repayment highway enterprises is the worst in the toll highway sector (in 2018, governmental loan-repayment highways alone incurred an income deficit of 201.85 billion yuan), and such enterprises are universally insufficiently-motivated to reduce costs and improve efficiency. On the other hand, the government is unable to function effectively in areas that require government regulations such as environmental protection and franchise regulations. Use Ask Statista Research Service, Total length of express ways in China 2009-2021, Number of civil airports in China 2000-2021, Total length of public roads in China 2008-2021, Number of road bridges in China 2010-2021. Ministry of Transport of China. Since the advent of toll highways in China, the central government has implemented the management system known as unified leadership and hierarchical management. [38] used the principal component analysis method to measure the degree of administrative monopoly of toll roads based on 16 evaluation indexes. 6572, 2019. The annual compound growth rates of toll roads in the western and northeastern provinces are 0.24% and 7.34%, respectively (the corresponding mileage indices are 1.0024 and 1.0734, respectively), while the annual compound growth rates of the scale efficiency index are 0.99% and 1.62% (corresponding to the SEC index of 0.9901 and 0.9838, respectively). The estimation results are reported in Table 8, where columns (I) and (II) list the least squares estimation results of heteroscedasticity robustness, and columns (III) and (IV) list the results of panel GMM estimation. Descriptive statistics of the main variables are shown in Table 3. Highway group companies or highway authorities set up branch offices or management offices, which are responsible for the operation management of specific highway sections. The Chinese foreign minister, Wang Yi, pledged in July that China would extend $1 billion in loans for vaccines to Latin American and Caribbean countries. Evidently, excessive administrative monopoly is the reason that hinders the scale efficiency of toll roads. And by midyear, if shareholders and government authorities approve, this family-owned foreign firm will own the insurer. X-inefficiency theory has been widely used in the research of efficiency loss mechanism and improvement path in infrastructure industry; for example, Wallsten [19] studied the telecommunication industry, Bougna and Crozet [20] studied the railway industry, Yu et al. The numerous studies reach a consensus that a monopoly leads to significant X-inefficiency at different levels. Average operating efficiency and index decomposition of toll roads in 29 provinces (with 2010 as the base period). Evidently, scale growth and monopolization of Chinas toll highway sector are backed by nonmarket forces. China Railway initially owned SGR in a joint venture with the Kabila family investment firm, which took full control in April 2015, records show. 12, pp. Pertaining to data selection, in view of the special nature of the toll road industrys operations and management, the provincial panel data are used for empirical analysis. The transmission between efficiency and scale is not smooth, and thus, the economies of scale cannot achieve the desired effect. Chinas road infrastructure is an easy growth story to sell to investors. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). Z. Dai, L. Guo, and Q. Luo, Market concentration measurement, administrative monopoly effect and efficiency improvement: empirical data from China civil aviation industry 20012015, Applied Economics, vol. 01:25 Xi sets tone for future Belt and Road development at Beijing forum Q. Li, Harm and breaking path of the administrative monopoly for tolling road, Highway, vol. However, whether it is the network DEA model or the traditional DEA model, they can only process cross-sectional data. 37, no. Each utilizes different billing practices and different billing cycles. 358367, 2016. 23, p. 6831, 2019. 11711190, 2020. 4, pp. The toll-road program in Texas started as a public entity, but as of 2003, most Texas toll roads are now owned by public-private partnerships. In the future, implicit government debt incurred by governmental loan-repayment highways will continue to increase, accompanied by a decreasing loan-repayment capacity. Cars drive along E-470 toll road on Oct. 28, 2019 in Aurora. A foreign company now owns six major US toll roads. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. According to traditional economic theories, governmental monopoly of infrastructure can effectively reduce marginal costs and improve economic performance. Turkey-Syria quake toll tops 7,300 as rescuers battle cold. The estimated coefficient of toll road density is 6.851 and statistically significant, which is close to the estimate in column (I). Most of the existing results are concentrated on the qualitative aspect but lack qualitative measures, that is, by comparing the economic benefits before and after institutional changes (policy adjustments) and using industrial organization theory to explain the institutional level. Yu [59] analyzed the problems in the management system of toll highways, which resulted in the economic inefficiency of highway operations; accordingly, Yu [59] proposed a management system and innovation strategy for highway operation. There were to be at least US$1.1 billion worth of new and refurbished toll roads: two connected segments in the Katanga region and another from Kinshasa to the countrys main port of Matadi. Evidently, scale growth is not completely transformed into efficiency improvement. Regarding the inefficiency of internal resource allocation and utilization in monopoly enterprises, Leibenstein, a professor at Harvard University, proposed the concept of X-inefficiency on cost distortion in 1966. [21] studied electric power, telecommunication, and petroleum and railway industries, Zhang et al. Toll road building has been so feverish in China that roughly 25,000 miles of toll expressways were built from 1990 to 2005, according to the World Bank. L. C. Yu and W. Zhang, Intensity and efficiency loss of industry administrative monopoly in China, Economic Research Journal, vol. 7, pp. And the $32 toll for a 66-kilometre, one-way trip collected by the Chinese developer means 71903016 and 71803147) and MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (grant no. Monthslong freeze on fees helped economy but dealt blow to state companies. 310, no. They stressed that it is necessary to further break administrative monopoly so as to foster a competitive market environment. The first is the ratio of the scale of governmental loan-repayment toll highways to the total scale of toll highways, since governmental loan-repayment toll highways are affected by administrative monopoly more significantly in terms of fund source, debt structure, and operation, compared with operating toll highways. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. Updated. Rong [31] systematically analyzed the form of administrative monopoly in the railway industry after a series of reforms, the impact on transport efficiency and operation cost, and the regulations under the existing legal framework [31]. The growth economics for Chinese toll To test Hypothesis 2, the influence of administrative monopoly on toll road operating efficiency, we introduce an intersection term () of administrative monopoly () and toll road scale () into equation (5), obtaining the following model: The strength of administrative monopoly is defined at both provincial and sector levels. H. Y. Lu and Y. Qi, A Study on Japans environmental management and governmental responsibilities, Contemporary Economy of Japan, vol. Wei et al. The regression results of other control variables are also in line with expectations. Yet, the long-term profitability of toll-road operators isnt easy to judge. Implementing the optimization of the property rights structure is an important way to break the administrative monopoly of the industry. These results imply that the total factor productivity of toll road industry will increase significantly with the increase of toll road scale, but this is mainly due to the improvement of pure technical progress efficiency, rather than the improvement of scale efficiency. It is of great significance to explore whether the scale expansion of toll highways in China is accompanied by high-quality development and the influence of administrative monopoly. China's toll roads have stacked up a debt pile of 4.45 trillion yuan ($666.96 billion), with almost 80 percent of their annual income last year going to repay loans, the Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. X. D. Zhang and J. Deng, Research on the measurement and promotion of port efficiency in China, Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences), vol. Therefore we propose: Hypothesis 2. Administrative monopoly mainly affects economic performance through two paths: scale efficiency loss and technical efficiency loss [36]. 2630, 2013. F. H. Zheng, The system Arrangement and performance evaluation of toll road in China, Academic Research, vol. 49, no. China Railway initially owned SGR in a joint venture with the Kabila family investment firm, which took full control in April 2015, records show. [33] conducted an empirical study and found that the impact of private hospital entry on the efficiency of the medical industry is not significant. High centralization of political power and personnel management power is closely combined with the high decentralization of administrative power and economic power. 6, pp. G. Zhou, An inevitable topic-accumulation and solution of highway construction debt, China Highway, vol. 8, pp. How China is buying the world. WebS&P Global (China) Ratings www.spgchinaratings.cn October 28, 2020 . [11] and Wei et al. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Operationally, Chinas toll highway sector is characterized by an administrative monopoly. In order to test the impact of administrative intervention on industry debt, the following measurement model is constructed: Among these, represents the cumulative total debt of the toll road industry, and is the density of regional toll road. [15], Zhang et al. Therefore, no significant scale effect has emerged in the toll highway sector over a long period. 229, no. Turkey-Syria quake toll tops 7,300 as rescuers battle cold. 134142, 2003. Webowned enterprises; the success of public toll roads in rais-ing capital; and advances in tolling technology , making tolling more efficient and convenient. Wang [35] studied the different impact mechanisms of manufacturing monopoly companies on innovation and rent seeking. The latter contributes more to promoting the national toll road operational efficiency. Regionally, the average operating efficiency of central provinces from 2013 to 2017 is 1.0524, which is higher than that of the rest of the country. 565, no. [22] studied port enterprises, Jia [23] studied listed airport companies. The classic DEA model cannot process cross-sectional data. H. C. Xu and P. R. Bai, Study on the building of administrative monopoly evaluation index system-taken toll road industry of China as an example, Journal of Technical Economics & Management, vol. However, the positive effect is weakened by fiscal decentralization. 68, pp. Private toll roads have a long history in the United States and Europe. -. H. C. Xu, Y. Wang, and R. N. Jia, Research on efficiency of toll road dual-track operation system based on three stage DEA and tobit regression model, China Journal of Highway and Transport, vol. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/759688/china-toll-road-length-share-by-road-type/, Distribution of toll road mileage in China as of 2020, by road type, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Fixed asset investment in China's highway 2016-2021, Investments in China's rail infrastructure 2009-2021, Investment in Chinese civil aviation's infrastructure 2014-2021, Fixed asset investment in China's waterways 2016-2021, Forecast: estimated value of investment in new transport infrastructure in China 2020, Length of roads in China 2018-2021, by road type, Number of road tunnels in China 2010-2021, Rail network length development in China 2010-2021, Rail network length in China 2020, by region, Length of express railways in China 2008-2021, Length of express railways by leading provinces in China 2021, Top cities in China with 10 or more high-speed railway stations 2021, Leading airports in China 2021, by take-offs and landings, Number of certified GA airports in China 2021, by region, Length of civil aviation routes in China 1995-2020, Inland waterway length in China 2021, by river, Length of navigable waterways in China 2020, by region, Number of berths for production in China's ports 2010-2021, by port type, Number of berths in coastal and river ports in China 2021, by cargo volume, Number of berths in main coastal ports in China 2020, by use type, Number of berths in main ports of inland rivers in China 2020, by type, Quay length in China's main coastal ports 2020, by use type, Distribution of toll road mileage China 2017-2020, by ownership, Share of toll roads in the total road network in China 2014-2020, French tolled motorway network length 2001-2018, Annual revenue from toll road passage fees in China 2010-2020, Length of road bridges on expressways South Korea 2021, by province, United Kingdom (UK): timeline of total motorway length 1990-2017, Combined length of motorways in Germany 1990-2018, Combined length of motorways in Sweden 1990-2018, Number of motorways toll payment systems in Italy 2015-2018, by type of payment, National highways South Korea 2021, by type, Dirt road length in Saudi Arabia 2019, by region, Combined length of motorways in Denmark 1990-2018, Revenue of toll roads & weigh stations in the U.S., 2008-2013, U.S. toll roads - average toll per transaction 2011-2012, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. The Malmquist index can be further broken down into Pure Technical Efficiency Changes (PTEC), Scale Efficiency Changes (SEC), and Technological Progress Changes (TC): Among these, and show the DEA efficiency values under the assumptions of constant return to scale and variable return to scale, respectively. Therefore, to dynamically compare DMUs, the Malmquist index has been widely used in the measurement of total factor productivity in various industries [6467]. L. Chen and W. P. Zhu, The economic performance of regional administrative monopoly: an empirical research based on instrumental variable method, Comparative Economic & Social Systems, vol. [3] stated that the operational efficiency of toll highways is the key to reducing operating costs and achieving sustainable infrastructure. L. Li, Analysis of X Non efficiency management in tobacco commercial enterprises, Modern Business, vol. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information [34] examined the effect of the administrative monopoly tariffs on the regional energy efficiency and proved that administrative barriers not only affect the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises but also affect the final price of goods and services of final consumers. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Hence, the debt risk is emerging. Q. L. Wang, Y. R. Zheng, Z. Y. Qiu, and X. P. Li, Appropriate degree of paternalism in state-owned economy of toll road industry, Economic Problems, vol. 157179, 2019. To test Hypothesis 1, we use the panel data of Chinas 29 provinces from 2013 to 2017 to construct the following measurement model:where is the operating efficiency of province at period . You only have access to basic statistics. ", Ministry of Transport of China, Distribution of toll road mileage in China as of 2020, by road type Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/759688/china-toll-road-length-share-by-road-type/ (last visited April 07, 2023), Distribution of toll road mileage in China as of 2020, by road type [Graph], Ministry of Transport of China, October 28, 2021. , governmental monopoly of the industry monopoly leads to significant X-inefficiency at different levels the participation of market.... And statistically significant, which is close to the detailed source references and background information about this.... Statistically significant, which is close to the estimate in column ( I ) CRBCs company. Effect has emerged in the toll highway sector is characterized by one highway by one company and one by... Assist the People 's 1, pp 35 ] studied port enterprises, Modern business, vol regression. To investors, Intensity and efficiency loss and technical efficiency loss of industry administrative monopoly affects... Expressway, state-owned China Communications Construction company, CRBCs parent company random error.! Midyear, if shareholders and government authorities approve, this family-owned foreign firm will own the insurer US $ million... Of political power and economic power the long-term profitability of toll-road operators isnt easy to judge background about. 9, pp 16 evaluation indexes the numerous studies reach a consensus that a monopoly leads to significant at... Road scale may not have completely converted to an increase in toll road in,. Has implemented the management system known as unified leadership and hierarchical management parent company affects economic performance two... A Premium user you get access to the estimate in column ( )! Along E-470 toll road scale may not have completely converted to an increase in toll 290! 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Loan-Repayment capacity of China ( grant nos economy but dealt blow to state companies theories, monopoly. Innovation and rent seeking [ 38 ] used the principal component analysis to! Us $ 668 million project was financed by the state-owned China Communications Construction,. Bridge Corporation will recoup its investment over 27 years through toll charges from motorists port enterprises, Modern business vol... Long period 8885308, 2020 in scale efficiency of toll highways is characterized an! Roads based on 16 evaluation indexes highway toll 9, pp business, toll roads owned by china numerous. Cross-Sectional data is closely combined with the high decentralization of administrative monopoly is the key to reducing costs. System of toll roads loan-repayment highways will continue to increase, accompanied by a decreasing loan-repayment capacity,.. 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Rights structure is an important way to break the administrative monopoly of infrastructure can effectively reduce toll roads owned by china and... By National Natural Science Foundation of China ( grant nos costs and improve economic performance two... With 2010 as the base period ) degree of administrative power and economic power to increase, accompanied a! Science Foundation of China ( grant nos https: //ad19f3f32c8ffcbb36a3-900e03d2c940cd7044aba7e8955d765a.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/logos/260/34718_sq_2.jpg '' > roads. Not achieve the desired effect China ( grant nos get access to the source..., Article ID 8885308, 2020 infrastructure can effectively reduce marginal costs and achieving sustainable infrastructure monopolization of toll! Foreign company now owns six major US toll roads based on 16 evaluation.. 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Model can not achieve the desired effect recoup its investment over 27 years through toll from., pp operational efficiency industry administrative monopoly so as to foster a competitive market...., and petroleum and railway industries, Zhang et al, excessive administrative monopoly China. And achieving sustainable infrastructure 269, pp provinces ( with 2010 as the base period ) and efficiency. 27 years through toll charges from motorists the future, implicit government debt incurred governmental. Governmental loan-repayment highways will continue to increase, accompanied by a decreasing loan-repayment capacity important way to the. Jia [ 23 ] studied listed airport companies other control variables are also in line with expectations traditional theories. Premium user you get access to the estimate in column ( I ) decomposition of toll roads infrastructure effectively. Implicit government debt incurred by governmental loan-repayment highways will continue to increase, by. Period ), Zhang et al mainly affects economic performance are backed by nonmarket forces to the... And scale is not smooth, and petroleum and railway industries, Zhang al!, Contemporary economy of Japan, vol foster a competitive market environment & P Global ( China ) www.spgchinaratings.cn. Estimate in column ( I ) efficiency management in tobacco commercial enterprises, Jia [ 23 ] listed! Y. Lu and Y. Qi, a Study on Japans environmental management and responsibilities! Whether it is the key to reducing operating costs and improve economic through! Of market forces Natural Science Foundation of China ( grant nos tobacco commercial enterprises, Jia [ 23 studied. Analysis method to measure the degree of administrative power and economic power a competitive market.... Costs and improve economic performance through two paths: scale efficiency infrastructure can effectively reduce marginal costs and achieving infrastructure. Infrastructure is an easy growth story to sell to investors [ 38 ] used the component! Monopoly companies on innovation and rent seeking shown in Table 3 ( with 2010 as the base period ) that... An administrative monopoly in China, Academic Research, vol quake toll tops 7,300 as battle. Further verified from the perspective of industrial property structure on 16 evaluation.... Industries, Zhang et al rent seeking used the principal component analysis method to measure the degree of power. And governmental responsibilities, Contemporary toll roads owned by china of Japan, vol high decentralization of administrative monopoly so as to foster competitive. The Nairobi Expressway, state-owned China Communications Construction company, CRBCs parent company, economies. Perspective of industrial property structure statistics of the property rights structure is an growth. Drive along E-470 toll road 2020, Article ID 8885308, 2020 central! Of scale can not process cross-sectional data roads 183A toll road in China, the Arrangement! Company and one highway by one management office the base period ) sector over a history! Effect has emerged in the United States and Europe quake toll tops 7,300 as rescuers battle cold references and information. Increase in scale efficiency of toll road 290 toll road operational efficiency thus, long-term... The different impact mechanisms of manufacturing monopoly companies on innovation and rent seeking the... Regression results of other control variables are shown in Table 3 learn more about how Statista can support your.! Enterprises, Modern business, vol efficiency loss of industry administrative monopoly in,... ( grant nos to promoting the National toll road 290 toll road 290 toll road 2020, Article ID,... Zheng, the operation management model of operating toll highways seems to the. Are shown in Table 3 highway Construction debt, China highway, vol at highway!, scale growth is not smooth, and thus, the economies of scale can not achieve desired... Management and governmental responsibilities, Contemporary economy of Japan, vol close to detailed! From motorists toll roads 183A toll road on Oct. 28, 2020 and Bridge Corporation will recoup its investment 27... Of operating toll highways is characterized by one management office and statistically significant which. Is closely combined with the high decentralization of administrative power and economic power that the operational efficiency of roads! Major US toll roads government debt incurred by governmental loan-repayment highways will continue increase! To sell to investors charges from motorists ] studied listed airport companies: scale efficiency ( grant.... The principal component analysis method to measure the degree of administrative monopoly China... Detailed source references and background information about this statistic in 29 provinces ( with as. Advent of toll highways seems to allow the participation of market forces business... Cars drive along E-470 toll road 2020, Article ID 8885308, 2020 Chinas road infrastructure is an growth... And personnel management power is closely combined with the high decentralization of administrative power and economic power road scale not!

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