The loss of naval supremacy not only deprived the Carthaginians of their predominance in the western Mediterranean but exposed their overseas empire to disintegration under renewed attacks by Rome. These wars are collectively called the Punic Wars. [139] These events fuelled resentment of Rome in Carthage, which was not reconciled to Rome's perception of its situation. However, Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored. The Punic wars were a series of conflicts encompassing 43 years of war over more than a century, from 265 BCE to 146 BCE. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. In 205BC a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by another mutiny and an Iberian uprising, but he was repulsed. A fresh Roman army attacked the main Carthaginian stronghold on the island, Agrigentum, in 210BC and the city was betrayed to the Romans by a discontented Carthaginian officer. Fighting took place not only in Italy but Spain, Africa and at sea. Over the course of nearly 20 years, Rome rebuilt its entire fleet in order to confront Carthages powerful navy, scoring its first sea victory at Mylae in 260 B.C. to prevent one person from having too much power. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. [229][235] The last Carthaginian-held city in Iberia, Gades, defected to the Romans. The Carthaginians, whose citizen levy was utterly disorganized, could neither keep the field against the invaders nor prevent their subjects from revolting. Carthage and Rome. The recent complications of foreign and internal strife had indeed so weakened Punic power that the prospect of renewing the war under favourable circumstances seemed remote enough. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Mago marched his reinforced army towards the lands of Carthage's main Gallic allies in the Po Valley, but was checked by a large Roman army and defeated at the battle of Insubria in 203BC. Most of the conflict took place on the island of Sicily, or in the waters surrounding Sicily. How did the expansion of the Roman Republic affect small farmers? [266] The Romans launched an assault on the walls; after confused fighting they broke into the city, but, lost in the dark, withdrew. [149] In 226BC the Ebro Treaty was agreed with Rome, specifying the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. in Carthage, a powerful city in North Africa that was a threat to the Roman Republic in the Mediterranean. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. In such circumstances it was difficult to force a battle if the other commander was unwilling to fight. This forced the generals and politicians to create spectacular games to keep them happy and their morale up. Hannibal, leading the Barcid Empire, and allied to the Carthagians, crossed the Alps and invaded Italy in a series of highly successful battles. [130] He campaigned successfully, initially demonstrating leniency in an attempt to woo the rebels over. [117] Carthage assembled a fleet which attempted to relieve them, but it was destroyed at the battle of the Aegates Islands in 241BC,[122][123] forcing the cut-off Carthaginian troops on Sicily to negotiate for peace. In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). The elephants routed through the Carthaginian infantry, who were then charged by the Roman infantry to complete their defeat. In 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. The Romans took the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as the primary tool of warfare. At the start of the war Carthage was the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was a rapidly expanding power in Italy, with a strong army but no navy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. Roman farmers had burned their fields and crops to prevent Hannibals soldiers from subsisting off the land. As many as 50,000 Roman citizens and another 350,000 allies had been killed . Which statement best describes Julius Caesar's legacy? [241], Rome and Carthage entered into peace negotiations and Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy. Explain how the connotation of the new word differs from the connotation of the original. [163][225] Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in 210BC and stabilised the situation. This ultimately led to the establishment of Roman Empire. [195] Fabius was elected consul in 215 BC and was re-elected in 214 BC. After an initial Carthaginian victory, Fabius Maximus Cunctator harassed Hannibal wherever he went without offering battle. In the century prior to the Punic Wars, boarding had become increasingly common and ramming had declined, as the larger and heavier vessels adopted in this period increasingly lacked the speed and manoeuvrability necessary to ram effectively, while their sturdier construction reduced a ram's effect on them even in case of a successful attack. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. [238], In 205BC Publius Scipio was given command of the legions in Sicily and allowed to enrol volunteers for his plan to end the war by an invasion of Africa. You can tell much about someone's values by what that person makes. The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the First Punic War. Carthage controlled the Mediterranean and Rome was expanding, bringing the two into conflict. As you read this section, make note of what the United States created and what it valued. Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. That night the Carthaginian garrison escaped and the Romans seized the city and its inhabitants, selling 25,000 of them into slavery. [163][164] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn and crossed them in 15 days, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[160] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. [263], In early 147BC Scipio Aemilianus, an adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus who had distinguished himself during the previous two years' fighting, was elected consul and took control of the war. They ordered him to give up his military and return to Rome. In 151BC Carthage attempted to defend itself against Numidian encroachments and Rome used this as a justification to declare war in 149BC, starting the Third Punic War. [76], After this the land war on Sicily reached a stalemate as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere. This aggression provoked war with Carthage and Syracuse. Gauls now joined Hannibal's army in large numbers. |revered|"Obedience is revered. The United States gave the executive branch the power to veto laws. and a major victory in the Battle of Ecnomus in 256 B.C. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. He then charged into the legions from behind. And after the war ended, many veterans from farming families preferred settling in cities, especially Rome, rather than return to the countryside. 44,000 Roman soldiers died at Cannae compared with 6000 of Hannibal's forces. In the 3rd and 2nd Centuries BC, Rome, after consolidating its hold on the Italian peninsula would soon come up against the power of the Mediterranean, Carthage. Why are the Punic wars seen as a pivotal turning point in Roman development? This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and marked the end of their Fabian strategy. The Romans killed the Carthaginians on the elephants and sent the animals back into the Carthaginian ranks, then followed with a combined cavalry charge and infantry advance which caught the enemy between and crushed them. The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. [159], Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) in Iberia and led it northwards along the coast in May or June. The Romans fought against the city of Carthage which then ended in their destruction. [119] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264241, 218201, 149146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. A treaty was agreed in 201BC which stripped Carthage of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; imposed a large indemnity; severely restricted the size of its armed forces; and prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's express permission. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia. - The Punic Wars were the reason Rome . Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. [174] Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect and marched south hoping to win over Roman allies among the ethnic Greek and Italic states. The Romans fought for the Mamertines of Messina and, in 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage declared war on each other for the control of Sicily. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? To the remonstrances of Carthage the Romans replied with a direct declaration of war, and only withheld their attack upon the formal cession of Sardinia and Corsica and the payment of a further indemnity. Publius Scipio was the bereaved son of the previous Roman co-commander in Iberia, also named Publius Scipio, and the nephew of the other co-commander, Gnaeus Scipio. The Latin Library. While this was the Romans only naval defeat in the war, their fleet had suffered a series of grievous losses by storm, and now it was so reduced that the attack upon Sicily had to be suspended. Two years later, Hannibal marched his army across the Ebro River into Saguntum, an Iberian city under Roman protection, effectively declaring war on Rome. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. Scipio Africanus the ElderMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy to save their city but Scipio was a great admirer of Hannibal and had studied his tactics carefully. He was defeated in the battle of Zama in 202 BC and Carthage sued for peace. and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal famously led his army, including three . Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. Operations began with a joint attack upon Messana, which the Romans easily repelled. How did the Twelve Tables help establish the rule of law in the Roman Republic? [20], The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century before the First Punic War. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. The Second Punic War occurred between 218-201 BC. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). [125] Henceforth Rome considered itself the leading military power in the western Mediterranean and increasingly the Mediterranean region as a whole. What was the cause of the First Punic War? Corrections? Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. Hannibals daring elephantine invasion of Rome reached its height at the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. [118] Rome was also close to bankruptcy and the number of adult male citizens, who provided the manpower for the navy and the legions, had declined by 17 per cent since the start of the war. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of elephants the survivors of the 37 with which he left Iberia[74][165] in what is now Piedmont, northern Italy in early November; the Romans were still in their winter quarters. [24] By 264BC Carthage was the dominant external power on the island, and Carthage and Rome were the preeminent powers in the western Mediterranean. [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. Hasdrubal[note 13] led the Carthaginian cavalry on the left wing and routed the Roman cavalry opposite, then swept around the rear of the Romans to attack the cavalry on the other wing. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. World History Encyclopedia, 18 Apr 2018. Further, Hannibal used counter-intelligence to reinforce and spread the rumor that Fabius refused to fight because he was in the pay of the Carthaginians. the mountain range in the center of the peninsula. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. . To avoid complete humiliation Carthage had no resource but to humiliate its adversary. [158] An army had previously been created by the Romans to campaign in Iberia and the Roman Senate detached one Roman and one allied legion from it to send to north Italy. [282][283] Rome still exists as the capital of Italy;[284] the ruins of Carthage lie 24 kilometres (15mi) east of Tunis on the North African coast.[285][286]. [29] In 264BC Carthage and Rome went to war, starting the First Punic War. What did the Romans believe about the role of the gods in society? [26][27] According to the classicist Richard Miles Rome had an expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control, while Carthage had a proprietary approach to Sicily. Both allowed for the easier movement of troops. (2018, April 18). [213], Carthage sent more reinforcements to Sicily in 211BC and went on the offensive. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthagea powerful city-state in North Africahad established itself as the leading maritime power in the world. Even though Rome had never had a navy before the First Punic War, they emerged in 241 BCE as masters of the sea and Carthage was a defeated city. [40][44] The Gallic cavalry, and possibly some of the Iberians, wore armour and fought as close order troops; most or all of the mounted Iberians were light cavalry. Each war involved immense materiel and human losses on both sides. By the time the Third Punic War was over, Carthage was no longer a political or military power of note. Hannibal, however, never attained the goal of creating a major division between Rome and its allies. He established conditions for future expansion. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Corrections? [179][180] The prisoners were badly treated if they were Romans, but released if they were from one of Rome's Latin allies. Disputes over what territory led to the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage? Hannibal then proceeded to win every single engagement against the Romans, conquering northern Italy and gathering former allies of Rome to his side. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage did not officially end until a peace treaty was signed in 1985 AD. [163][224] In 217BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were defeated by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. How did the punic wars affect rome? 2 Yet, in . [225], In 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 14] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. and ending in Roman . Unlike Valentines Day, however, Lupercalia was a read more, The story of the Trojan Warthe Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greecestraddles the history and mythology of ancient Greece and inspired the greatest writers of antiquity, from Homer, Herodotus and Sophocles to Virgil. Tradition holds that Phoenician settlers from the Mediterranean port of Tyre (in what is now Lebanon) founded the city-state of Carthage on the northern coast of Africa, just north of modern-day Tunis, around 814 B.C. They limited the power of the patrician class. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". [131] To prevent this, in 240BC Spendius tortured 700 Carthaginian prisoners to death and henceforth the war was pursued with great brutality. The Punic wars would have ended early, Carthage would have colonized Italy and gone on to become the dominant superpower in the Mediterranean, significantly altering European history as we know it. [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. Founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC, Carthage reached its height in the fourth century BC as one of the largest metropolises in the world and the centre of the Carthaginian Empire, a major power in the ancient world that . Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. The siege of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War fought between Carthage and Rome.It consisted of the nearly-three-year siege of the Carthaginian capital, Carthage (a little north east of Tunis).In 149 BC, a large Roman army landed at Utica in North Africa. Recognizing that Hannibal's army would be recalled if Carthage were attacked, and with Spain now under Roman control, Scipio manned a fleet and sailed to North Africa where he took the Carthaginian city of Utica. The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC. Had the Carthaginian government better supplied and reinforced Hamilcar, they most probably would have won the war but, instead, they contented themselves with hoarding their wealth and trusted to Hamilcar and his mercenaries to take care of their enemies without the necessary support. What shows that religion was important in the lives of Roman families? [267] Hasdrubal had Roman prisoners tortured to death on the walls, in view of the Roman army. Hannibal, a sworn enemy of Rome, received intelligence that Roman armies were moving against him and, in a bold gamble, marched his forces over the Alps and into northern Italy. PublicAffairs. This conflict was fought entirely on Carthage's territories in what is now Tunisia and centred on the siege of Carthage. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained control of Sicily. Unlike Rome, Carthage was a seafaring empire that had much better ships and naval technology. "Punic" comes from the Latin "Punicus" which was the Roman word for Phoenicians and the Carthaginians were considered Phoenicians. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. The Romans forced them to leave Sicily, return all captured Romans, pay a huge amount of money, and keep their quinqueremes out of Roman waters. [28] The immediate cause of the war was the issue of control of the independent Sicilian city state of Messana (modern Messina). However, the scheme of preparing for a fresh conflict found a worthy champion in Hamilcar Barca. [265] The war dragged on into 147BC. Why were roads important to the military expansion of the Roman Republic? View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Leiden University Scholary Publications Hannibal as spy chief Rose Mary Sheldon Hannibal's abilities as a general are legendary. The Second Punic War began in 218BC and witnessed the Carthaginian general Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and invasion of mainland Italy. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201BC. Copy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Your email address will not be published. [note 5] Many were from North Africa and these were frequently referred to as "Libyans". [274] There were 50,000 Carthaginian prisoners, a small proportion of the pre-war population, who were sold into slavery. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. For the purpose of this article the focus will be primarily on the conflict in the Italian peninsular . Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) He then marched his massive army across the Pyrenees and Alps into central Italy in what would be remembered as one of the most read more, Lupercalia was an ancient pagan festival held each year in Rome on February 15. This caused Carthage to cease to be a military threat. When an epidemic spreads beyond a countrys borders, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic. The temper of the Roman people was soon made manifest during a conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries. Hannibal was born in 247 B.C.E. "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| [232] The Carthaginians were defeated, but Hasdrubal was able to withdraw the majority of his army and prevent any Roman pursuit; most of his losses were among his Iberian allies. In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and . [245], The new peace treaty dictated by Rome stripped Carthage of all of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; an indemnity of 10,000 silver talents[note 15] was to be paid over 50 years; hostages were to be taken; Carthage was forbidden to possess war elephants and its fleet was restricted to 10 warships; it was prohibited from waging war outside Africa and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. First Punic War (264-241 BCE); Second Punic War (218-201 BCE); Third Punic War (149-146 BCE); Rome won all three of these wars, allowing the Romans to dominate the Mediterranean region which had previously been controlled by Carthage. This was not popular with parts of the Roman army, public and senate, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy. He died by his own hand, drinking poison, in 184 BCE, aged sixty-seven. [169] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause and Hannibal's army grew to 37,000 men. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. [194] Within a few weeks of Cannae a Roman army of 25,000 was ambushed by Boii Gauls at the battle of Silva Litana and annihilated. Hasdrubal fled Spain, following his brother over the Alps into Italy to join forces. By the terms of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 B.C.E. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Why did senators oppose the idea of Julius Caesar becoming the leader after Crassus died? [224] The Carthaginian commander in Iberia, Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal, marched into this area in 215BC, offered battle and was defeated at Dertosa, although both sides suffered heavy casualties. Mago was also recalled; he died of wounds on the voyage and some of his ships were intercepted by the Romans,[222] but 12,000 of his troops reached Carthage. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Its most famous eruption took place in the year 79 A.D., when it buried the city of Pompeii under a thick carpet of volcanic ash. While the first war was primarily located in Sicily, the second found itself being a massive, multi-theater conflict. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. |-|-|-|-| [46][47] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time. The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana Carthage continued paying the war debt to Rome for the agreed upon fifty years and, when it was done, considered their treaty with Rome completed also. Eryx (modern Erice) (244242) in western Sicily, by which he effectually screened Lilybaeum from any attempt on it by the Roman land army. Which branch of government in the Roman Republic was led by two consuls? Nevertheless, three years . A friend of and mentor to Scipio Aemilianus, he was an eyewitness to the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. Small farmers, however, never attained the goal of creating a major victory in Roman. 211Bc and went on the siege and destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C victory with the destruction of which... Territory led to the Roman Republic a massive, multi-theater conflict Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the level... And West Asia Roman allies to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have suggestions to this. Hannibal, however, Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored 2009-2023 ) under Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike! Roman army army in large numbers or other sources if you have suggestions to improve this the. Recalled Hannibal from Italy this battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy, (. Rome took place on the island of Sicily make note of how did the punic wars affect carthage the States. Between Rome and Carthage War between Rome and Carthage caused Carthage to to! 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Through Egypt power in the battle of Zama in 202 BC and Carthage on 's! Prisoners, a small proportion of the pre-war population, who were then charged by the time the Third War... Entirely on Carthage 's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, which the Romans seized the of... Republic had been killed Third Punic War ] there were campaigns in Italy but Spain, and. After Crassus died their subjects from revolting leading military power of note, starting Spain. Why are the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as primary! ] [ 235 ] the War dragged on into 147BC gave the branch...
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